高温水热系统中相变时温度和驱动力的变化

叶建桥; 毛绪美

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2023.126

高温水热系统中相变时温度和驱动力的变化

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2023.126

叶建桥,
毛绪美^,

中国地质大学环境学院, 湖北武汉 430078

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 41440027

详细信息

作者简介:
叶建桥（1993-），男，硕士研究生，从事地热水文地质学研究.E-mail：95849578@qq.com

通讯作者:
毛绪美，E-mail: maoxumei@cug.edu.cn

中图分类号: P641
计量
- 文章访问数: 305
- HTML全文浏览量: 179
- PDF下载量: 30
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-12-22
- 网络出版日期: 2024-11-08
- 刊出日期: 2024-10-25

Changes of Temperature and Driving Force during Phase Change in High Temperature Hydrothermal System

Ye Jianqiao,
Mao Xumei^,

School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China

摘要

摘要: 基于重力驱动的地下水流系统理论是描述地下水系统渗流特征的主要工具，由水头差产生的重力势是地下水运移的主要驱动力.但在水热系统中，存在除大地增温以外的深部热源，会给地下水系统提供额外的能量，产生新的驱动力.对流型水热系统中，地下水在补给段温度较低而在排泄段温度较高，排泄段的高温地下水会产生密度、盐度、粘度等变化，导致地热水的压力水头发生变化，形成地热驱动力.在高温水热系统中，排泄段地下水的温度更高，可能存在液态水转变为气态水的相变过程，使地下水温度发生突变，从而引起地热驱动力的改变.以西藏羊八井地热田为例，利用SiO₂地温计评估发现，热储层与地热井同一深度位置的水温存在较大差异，通过对比饱和蒸发线确定在距井口43.9 m处发生了引起温度骤降的相变过程.结合热力学第一定律，计算得出相变前后的温差约为23.6 ℃，由此造成的地热驱动力的变化值为-1.02 m.结果表明，水热系统中的地热驱动力仅存在于排泄段，排泄段地热水发生相变会引起地热驱动力的变化.
- 水热系统 /
- 相变 /
- 温度 /
- 地热驱动力 /
- 羊八井 /
- 水文地质学
Abstract: The theory of groundwater flow system based on gravity is the main tool to describe the seepage characteristics of groundwater system. The gravity potential generated by water head difference is the main driving force of groundwater migration. However, in the hydrothermal system, there is a deep heat source other than geothermal gradient, which will provide additional energy to the groundwater system and generate new driving force. In the convective hydrothermal system, the temperature of groundwater is lower in the recharge section and higher in the discharge section. The high temperature groundwater in the discharge section will produce changes in density, salinity and viscosity, which will lead to changes in the pressure head of geothermal water and form geothermal driving force. In the high temperature hydrothermal system, the temperature of groundwater in the discharge section is higher, and there may be a phase transition process from liquid water to gaseous water, which causes the groundwater temperature to change abruptly, thus causing the change of geothermal driving force. In this paper, the Yangbajing geothermal field in Tibet is taken as an example. Using SiO₂ geothermometer, it is found that there is a large difference in water temperature at the same depth between the geothermal reservoir and the geothermal well. By comparing the saturated evaporation line, it is determined that the phase change process causing the temperature drop occurred at 43.9 m from the wellhead. Combined with the first law of thermodynamics, the temperature difference before and after the phase transition is calculated to be about 23.6 ℃, and the resulting change in geothermal driving force is -1.02 m. The results show that the geothermal driving force in the hydrothermal system only exists in the discharge section, and the phase change of geothermal water in the discharge section will cause the change of geothermal driving force.
- hydrothermal system /
- phase change /
- temperature /
- geothermal driving force /
- Yangbajing /
- hydrogeology

HTML全文

图 1 羊八井地热田水文地质简图及采样位置

据Guo et al.（2007）修改

Fig. 1. Hydrogeological sketch and sampling location of Yangbajing geothermal field

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 液体蒸发线与井底温度-绝对压强曲线

Fig. 2. Liquid evaporation line and bottom hole temperature-absolute pressure curve

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 地质剖面图

Fig. 3. Geological profile

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 羊八井地热田地热井基本数据资料

Table 1. Basic data of geothermal wells in Yangbajing geothermal field

井号	类型	深度（m）	井口温度（℃）	井底温度（℃）	开采量（t/h）	勘测时间	井底水压力（kPa）
YBJT3	浅层地热水	193	104.8	171	54.8	2006年6月	1 891.4
YBJT4	浅层地热水	454	110.4	173	54.5	2006年6月	4 449.2
YBJT5	浅层地热水	270	110.4	167	132.5	2006年6月	2 646.0
YBJT6	浅层地热水	240	108.8	163	63.2	2006年6月	2 352.0
YBJT7	浅层地热水	300	108.8	172	140.5	2006年6月	2 940.0
ZK4001	深层地热水	1495	159.3	255	242.7	2006年6月	14 651.0

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 羊八井地热田水化学数据资料（mg/L）

Table 2. Data of hydrochemistry in Yangbajing geothermal field (mg/L)

井号	类型	温度（℃）	pH	HCO$ {}_{3}^{-} $	SO$ {}_{4}^{2-} $	Cl^-	F^-	Na⁺	K⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	SiO₂	水类型
YBJT3	浅层地热水	104.8	8.21	178.0	56.3	518.30	17.90	281.8	36.60	4.2	0.22	160.50	Cl-Na
YBJT4	浅层地热水	110.4	8.36	184.2	60.0	547.10	19.40	306.4	41.80	3.9	0.20	169.40	Cl-Na
YBJT5	浅层地热水	110.4	9.57	160.1	59.0	512.90	19.20	308.1	42.70	4.6	0.28	172.00	Cl-Na
YBJT6	浅层地热水	108.8	9.72	174.5	58.2	507.40	18.50	293.5	39.70	4.1	0.21	166.00	Cl-Na
YBJT7	浅层地热水	108.8	9.49	151.1	60.3	559.80	18.50	303.2	41.60	3.6	0.20	171.40	Cl-Na
ZK4001	深层地热水	159.3	8.40	363.0	27.0	1 020.00	18.00	709.0	135.00	2.1	0.13	581.50	Cl-Na
YBJC1	冷地下水	14.0	7.23	26.5	6.1	1.16	0.48	1.6	1.10	11.8	0.72	10.03	HCO₃-Ca
YBJC2	冷地表水	8.0	8.15	19.1	10.3	1.27	0.33	2.2	1.37	8.7	1.33	11.50	HCO₃-Ca
YBJC3	冷地表水	8.0	7.93	24.0	5.0	1.06	0.34	1.4	0.82	9.4	1.03	8.00	HCO₃-Ca

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 热储层温度（℃）

Table 3. Thermal reservoir temperature (℃)

井号	地热水类型	二氧化硅（无蒸汽损失）地温计	二氧化硅（最大蒸汽损失）地温计	Na-K 地温计	Na-K-Ca （β=1/3）地温计
YBJT3	浅层地热水	192.6	156.2	223.3	411.3
YBJT4	浅层地热水	196.3	159.1	229.0	422.4
YBJT5	浅层地热水	197.3	159.9	230.8	421.2
YBJT6	浅层地热水	194.9	158.0	228.0	418.5
YBJT7	浅层地热水	197.1	159.7	229.6	424.4
ZK4001	深层地热水	299.9	236.7	271.4	527.0

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 羊八井地热田不同位置的水温

Table 4. Water temperature at different locations of Yangbajing geothermal field

编号	类型	深度（m）	温度（℃）
1	地温计估算的浅热储层	180~280 m，平均230.0 m	158.6
2	代表浅层地热水的地热井底部	平均291.4 m	169.2
3	地温计估算的深热储层	950~1 850 m，平均1 400.0 m	236.7
4	代表深层地热水的ZK4001底部	1 495.0 m	255.0

下载: 导出CSV

表 5 饱和水蒸汽压力

Table 5. Saturated water vapor pressure

温度（℃）	绝对压强（kPa）	水蒸汽的密度（kg·m^-3）	焓（kJ·kg^-1）		汽化热（kJ·kg^-1）
温度（℃）	绝对压强（kPa）	水蒸汽的密度（kg·m^-3）	液体	水蒸汽	水蒸汽
0	0.61	0	0	2 491.10	2 491.10
50	12.34	0.08	209.34	2 587.40	2 378.10
100	101.33	0.60	418.68	2 677.00	2 258.40
150	476.24	2.54	632.21	2 750.70	2 118.50
200	1 554.77	7.84	852.01	2 795.50	1 943.50
250	3 977.67	20.01	1 081.45	2 790.10	1 708.60
300	8 592.94	46.93	1 325.54	2 708.00	1 382.50
350	16 538.50	113.20	1 636.20	2 516.70	880.50
370	21 040.90	171.00	1 888.25	2 301.90	411.10
374	22 070.90	322.60	2 098.00	2 098.00	0

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(50)

Akiya, N., Savage, P. E., 2002. Roles of Water for Chemical Reactions in High-Temperature Water. Chemical Reviews, 102(8): 2725-2750. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr000668w
Arnórsson, S., 1985. The Use of Mixing Models and Chemical Geothermometers for Estimating Underground Temperatures in Geothermal Systems. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 23(3-4): 299-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(85)90039-3
Arnórsson, S., Gunnlaugsson, E., Svavarsson, H., 1983. The Chemistry of Geothermal Waters in Iceland. Ⅲ. Chemical Geothermometry in Geothermal Investigations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47(3): 567-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(83)90278-8
Bischoff, J. L., Rosenbauer, R. J., 1984. The Critical Point and Two-Phase Boundary of Seawater, 200-500 ℃. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 68(1): 172-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(84)90149-3
Duoji, 2003. Typical High Temperature Geothermal System-Basic Characteristics of Yangbajing Geothermal Field. Engineering Science, 5(1): 42-47(in Chinese with English abstract).
Engelen, G. B., Jones, C. P., 1986. Developments in the Analysis of Groundwater Flow Systems. IAHS Publication, (163): 2-8.
Fournier, R. O., 1976. Exchange of Na⁺ and K⁺ between Water Vapor and Feldspar Phases at High Temperature and Low Vapor Pressure. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 40(12): 1553-1561. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(76)90094-6
Fournier, R. O., 1977. Chemical Geothermometers and Mixing Models for Geothermal Systems. Geothermics, 5(1-4): 41-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(77)90007-4
Fournier, R. O., Truesdell, A. H., 1970. Chemical Indicators of Subsurface Temperature Applied to Hot Spring Waters of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U. S. A. Geothermics, 2(P1): 529–535.
Fournier, R. O., Truesdell, A. H., 1973. An Empirical Na-K-Ca Geothermometer for Natural Waters. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 37(5): 1255-1275. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(73)90060-4
Freeze, R. A., Harlan, R. L., 1969. Blueprint for a Physically-Based, Digitally-Simulated Hydrologic Response Model. Journal of Hydrology, 9(3): 237-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(69)90020-1
Fu, X. C., 2005. Physical Chemistry. 5th ed. People's Education Press, Beijing (in Chinese).
Gao, Z. J., 2013. Experimental Demonstration and Significance of Groundwater Flow System Differentiation. Journal of Shandong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science), 32(2): 17-24(in Chinese with English abstract).
Gao, Z. J., Liu, Y. G., 2014. Research on Application of Thermally Driven in Groundwater Movement. Ground Water, 36(2): 7-9(in Chinese with English abstract).
Garven, G., 1995. Continental-Scale Groundwater Flow and Geologic Processes. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 23: 89-117. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.earth.23.1.89
Guo, Q. H., Wang, Y. X., Liu, W., 2007. Major Hydrogeochemical Processes in the Two Reservoirs of the Yangbajing Geothermal Field, Tibet, China. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 166(3-4): 255-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.08.004
Hubbert, M. K., 1940. The Theory of Ground-Water Motion. The Journal of Geology, 48(8, Part 1): 785-944. https://doi.org/10.1029/TR021i002p00648-1
Kell, G. S., 1977. Effects of Isotopic Composition, Temperature, Pressure, and Dissolved Gases on the Density of Liquid Water. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 6(4): 1109-1131. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555561
Li, J. X., Guo, Q. H., Wang, Y. X., 2015. Evaluation of Temperature of Parent Geothermal Fluid and Its Cooling Processes during Ascent to Surface: A Case Study in Rehai Geothermal Field, Tengchong. Earth Science, 40(9): 1576-1584(in Chinese with English abstract).
Liang, X., Zhang, R. Q., Jin, M. G., 2015. Grounduater Flow Systems. Geological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese).
Liu, D. M., Wei, M. H., Sun, M. H., et al., 2022. Classification and Determination of Thermal Control Structural System of Hot Dry Rock. Earth Science, 47(10): 3723-3735(in Chinese with English abstract).
Mao, X. M., Ye, J. Q., Dong, Y. Q., et al., 2022. Geothermal Driving Force: A New Additional Non-Gravity Action Driving the Migration of Geothermal Water in the Xinzhou Geothermal Field of Yangjiang, Guangdong. Bulletin of Geological Science and Technology, 41(1): 137-145(in Chinese with English abstract).
Pope, S., 1987. Turbulent Premixed Flames. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 19(1): 237-270. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.19.1.237
Saar, M. O., 2011. Review: Geothermal Heat as a Tracer of Large-Scale Groundwater Flow and as a Means to Determine Permeability Fields. Hydrogeology Journal, 19(1): 31-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-010-0657-2
Tóth, Á., Galsa, A., Mádl-Szőnyi, J., 2020. Significance of Basin Asymmetry and Regional Groundwater Flow Conditions in Preliminary Geothermal Potential Assessment—Implications on Extensional Geothermal Plays. Global and Planetary Change, 195: 103344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103344
Tóth, J., 1963. A Theoretical Analysis of Groundwater Flow in Small Drainage Basins. Journal of Geophysical Research, 68(16): 4795-4812. https://doi.org/10.1029/jz068i016p04795
Tóth, J., 1999. Groundwater as a Geologic Agent: An Overview of the Causes, Processes, and Manifestations. Hydrogeology Journal, 7(1): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050176
Tóth, J. R., 1980. Deposition of Submarine Crusts Rich in Manganese and Iron. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 91(1): 44-54. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1980)9144: doscri>2.0.co;2 doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1980)9144:doscri>2.0.co;2
Wang, C. S., Dai, J. G., Zhao, X. X., et al., 2014. Outward-Growth of the Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic: A Review. Tectonophysics, 621: 1-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2014.01.036
Wang, J. L., Jin, M. G., Jia, B. J., et al., 2022. Numerical Investigation of Residence Time Distribution for the Characterization of Groundwater Flow System in Three Dimensions. Journal of Earth Science, 33(6): 1583-1600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-022-1623-3
Wang, Y. C., Li, L., Wen, H. G., et al., 2022. Geochemical Evidence for the Nonexistence of Supercritical Geothermal Fluids at the Yangbajing Geothermal Field, Southern Tibet. Journal of Hydrology, 604: 127243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.12724310.31223/x56w7w
White, D. E., Williams, D. L., 1975. Assessment of Geothermal Resources of the United States, No. 726-730. US Department of the Interior, Geological Survey.
Xu, T., Yuan Y. L., Jia, X. F., et al., 2018. Prospects of Power Generation from an Enhanced Geothermal System by Water Circulation through Two Horizontal Wells: A Case Study in the Gonghe Basin, Qinghai Province, China. Energy, 148: 196-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.135
Xu, T. F., Wang, Y., Feng, G. H., 2021. Research Progress and Development Prospect of Deep Supercritical Geothermal Resources. Natural Gas Industry, 41(3): 155-167(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhao, P., Dor, J., Liang, T. L., et al., 1998. Characteristics of Gas Geochemistry in Yangbajing Geothermal Field, Tibet. Chinese Science Bulletin, 43(21): 1770-1777. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02883369
Zheng, X. L., Guo, J. Q., 1996. Silica Geothermometer and Its Related Problems. Groundwater, 18(2): 85-88(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhu, B. Q., Zhu, L. X., 1992. Geochemical Exploration of Geothermal Field. Geological Publishing House, Beijing(in Chinese).
Zhu, X., Wang, G. L., Ma, F., et al., 2021. Hydrogeochemistry of Geothermal Waters from Taihang Mountain-Xiongan New Area and Its Indicating Significance. Earth Science, 46(7): 2594-2608(in Chinese with English abstract).
多吉, 2003. 典型高温地热系统: 羊八井热田基本特征. 中国工程科学, 5(1): 42-47.
傅献彩, 2005. 物理化学-上册. 5版. 北京: 人民教育出版社.
高宗军, 2013. 地下水流系统分异的试验演示及其意义. 山东科技大学学报(自然科学版), 32(2): 17-24.
高宗军, 刘永贵, 2014. 地下水运动的热驱动机理. 地下水, 36(2): 7-9.
李洁祥, 郭清海, 王焰新, 2015. 高温热田深部母地热流体的温度计算及其升流后经历的冷却过程: 以腾冲热海热田为例. 地球科学, 40(9): 1576-1584. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2015.142
梁杏, 张人权, 靳孟贵, 2015. 地下水流系统: 理论应用调查. 北京: 地质出版社.
刘德民, 韦梅华, 孙明行, 等, 2022. 干热岩控热构造系统厘定与类型划分. 地球科学, 47(10): 3723-3735. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2022.058
毛绪美, 叶建桥, 董亚群, 等, 2022. 地热驱动力: 广东阳江新洲地热田驱动地热水运移的一种额外非重力作用的分析方法. 地质科技通报, 41(1): 137-145.
许天福, 汪禹, 封官宏, 2021. 深部超临界地热资源研究进展及开发前景展望. 天然气工业, 41(3): 155-167.
郑西来, 郭建青, 1996. 二氧化硅地热温标及其相关问题的处理方法. 地下水, 18(2): 85-88.
朱炳球, 朱立新, 1992. 地热田地球化学勘查. 北京: 地质出版社.
朱喜, 王贵玲, 马峰, 等, 2021. 太行山-雄安新区蓟县系含水层水文地球化学特征及意义. 地球科学, 46(7): 2594-2608. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2020.207