Effect of Continuous River Water Level Fluctuations on Nitrate Conversion Efficiency in Hyporheic Zone
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摘要: 为了探究连续水位波动下潜流带内硝酸盐的反应迁移规律，构建了包含河床沙丘的垂向二维数值模型.通过考虑不同河水位波动情况、河床坡度以及有氧呼吸、硝化和反硝化过程，系统探讨河床坡度和连续水位波动过程对溶质时空分布以及硝酸盐转化效率的影响.结果表明：河床坡度越大，地表水和周围地下水流之间会发生更快的物质交换，使溶质的浓度变化幅度变小，最终降低潜流带对NO3‒的转化效率；较高的后续水位峰值会延长地下水潜流路径并使溶质的浓度相对变化幅度越大，然而潜流带对NO3‒的转化效率会变低；后续水位波动持续的时间会影响溶质的时间响应，但不会影响对NO3‒的转化效率；不同的后续水位波动延迟时间会影响NO3‒浓度变化峰值出现的数量，延迟时间越久，越容易出现NO3‒浓度的多峰现象.Abstract: In order to investigate the reactive-transport patterns of nitrate in hyporheic zone during the hyporheic exchange process under a dynamic water level condition, a vertical two-dimensional numerical model of riverbed dune including (river) water fluctuations and sinuous river bed dune was constructed. By considering three types of river level fluctuations scenarios, river bed slope, aerobic respiration, nitrification and denitrification processes in our model, the effects of bed slope and water level fluctuatio scenarios on spatiotemporal evolution of solute distribution and nitrate conversion efficiency of hyporheic zone were systematically discussed. The results show that larger river bed slope condition can increase the solute exchange flux between surface water and the groundwater flow, and reduce the variation degree of solute concentration, which will consequently decrease the conversion efficiency of NO3‒ in hyporheic zones. Larger subsequent peak level of water fluctuations can prolong hyporheic flow path and increase the variation degree of solute concentration, whereas it can reduce the conversion efficiency of NO3‒ in hyporheic zones. The duration of subsequent water level fluctuations will affect the time response of solute concentration, but will not affect the conversion efficiency of NO3‒. Different delay times of subsequent water level fluctuations will affect the humber of NO3‒ concentration peaks. Furthermore, longer delay time can result in multiple peaks of NO3- concentration.
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图 1 （a）概念模型示意图；（b）连续水位波动过程示意图
Hsup. 水位过程线；Hp. 水位峰值；H0. 初始水位
Fig. 1. (a) Schematic diagram of conceptual model; (b) schematic diagram of the river level fluctuation of successive peak flow event
图 2 不同水文情景过程示意图
a. Hp1 > Hp2, td1 > td2; b. Hp1 < Hp2, td1 > td2; c. Hp1 > Hp2, td1=td2
Fig. 2. Schematic diagrams of the process of different hydrological scenarios
图 3 分段示踪示意图
①代表后续水位波动与前一个水位波动完全重叠的情景；②代表后续水位波动与前一个水位波动部分重叠；③代表两个水位波动互不叠加
Fig. 3. Diagram of solute tracers at different time periods
图 4 情景a下不同时间点位置示意图
a. t=0;b. t=tp1; c. t=tlag; d. t=tp2; e. t=td1; f. t=td2
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of different time points in scenario a
图 6 三种情景下NO3‒及净反硝化速率的时空分布图
Fig. 6. Spatial-temporal distributions of nitrate and net denitrification rates under three scenarios
图 7 与基流条件相比，情景a下各反应物浓度随时间的相对变化
Fig. 7. Relative changes of reactant concentrations over time under scenario a compared to base flow conditions
图 8 与基流条件相比，情景b下各反应物浓度随时间的相对变化
Fig. 8. Relative changes of reactant concentrations over time under scenario b compared to base flow conditions
图 9 与基流条件相比，情景c下各反应物浓度随时间的相对变化
Fig. 9. Relative changes of reactant concentrations over time under scenario c compared to base flow conditions
图 10 情景a下NO3‒的穿透曲线示意图
Fig. 10. Schematic diagrams of the penetration curves of nitrate under scenario a
图 11 情景b下NO3‒的穿透曲线示意图
Fig. 11. Schematic diagrams of the penetration curves of nitrate under scenario b
图 12 情景c下NO3‒的穿透曲线示意图
Fig. 12. Schematic diagrams of the penetration curves of nitrate under scenario c
表 1 模型参数及默认取值
Table 1. Parameters used in this study and default values
参数名称 符号 默认取值 参数名称 符号 默认取值 河床宽度 L 3[m] 孔隙度 θ 0.35[-] 河床深度 Db 5[m] 纵向弥散度 $ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{L}} $ 0.05[m] 河满深度 dbkf 10[m] 横向弥散度 $ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{T}} $ 0.005[m] 河床波长 λ 1[m] 动力粘滞系数 μ 1.002×10-3[Pa•s] 河床振幅 Δ 0.1[m] DO极限浓度 $ {C}_{{\mathrm{O}}_{2},\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}} $ 0.031 25[mol/m3] 坡度 S 0.001、0.01、0.05[-] NO3‒极限浓度 $ {C}_{\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-},\mathrm{l}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{m}} $ 0.008 1[mol/m3] 渗透系数 K 9.8×10‒4[m/s] DOC一级反应速率常数 $ {K}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{C}} $ 5×10‒6[1/s] 曼宁系数 M 0.05 NH4+二阶反应速率常数 $ {K}_{\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{H}}_{4}}^{+}} $ 8.99×10‒5[m3/(mol•s)] 河流中DOC浓度 $ {C}_{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{C},0} $ 150[mg/L] 河流中NO3‒浓度 $ {C}_{\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{O}}_{3}}^{-},0} $ 8[mg/L] 河流中DO浓度 $ {C}_{{\mathrm{O}}_{2},0} $ 10[mg/L] 河流中NH4+浓度 $ {C}_{\mathrm{N}{{\mathrm{H}}_{4}}^{+},0} $ 5[mg/L] 
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