Potassic-Ultrapotassic Volcanic Rocks in the Lhasa Block may be Highly Differentiated Rocks: Evidence from Rubidium and Cesium Enrichment
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摘要: 青藏地区拉萨地块、羌塘地块、松潘甘孜-可可西里地块中，广泛发育后碰撞以来的钾质-超钾质火山岩.在上述众多钾质-超钾质火山岩研究数据中，拉萨地块的Rb、Cs等稀碱元素的超常富集程度远高于其他两地块，为了将此现象量化表述，并且尝试对富集原因进行探究.本文通过实测和已公开发表的数据，运用箱线图等统计方法，以及系统的矿物学、地球化学分析手段，量化了三大地块稀碱元素富集程度，对富集成因有了初步认识.结果表明拉萨地块钾质-超钾质火山岩存在较高程度的岩浆分异是导致Rb、Cs等稀碱元素超常富集的主要原因，超常富集区主要分布于火山岩年龄范围为25~13 Ma之间的拉萨地块中西部.并且类比高分异花岗岩的研究成果划分了拉萨地块钾质-超钾质火山岩较高程度分异的Zr/Hf和Nb/Ta判别范围.Abstract: Post-collisional potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks are widely developed in the Lhasa block, Qiangtang block and Songpan-Ganzi-Kekexili block in the Qinghai-Xizang region. Many previous studies on the potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks in this area show the supernormal enrichment of trace alkali elements such as Rb and Cs in the Lhasa block is much higher than those in other two blocks. In order to quantify this phenomenon and to investigate the causes of enrichment, this paper quantifies the enrichment degree of trace alkali elements in the three blocks, and has attained a preliminary understanding of the causes of enrichment, based on the measured and published data, using statistical methods such as box-plot and systematic mineralogical and geochemical analysis methods, It is concluded that the high degree of magmatic differentiation in the potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks of the Lhasa block is the main cause of the rare alkali elements enrichment of Rb and Cs, and the enrichment zones are mainly located in the central and western part of the Lhasa block, where the volcanic rocks range in age from 25 to 13 Ma. The discrimination range of Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta with high degree of differentiation of potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks in the Lhasa block is also delineated by analogy with the results of highly differentiated granites.
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图 1 青藏高原后碰撞钾质‒超钾质火山岩分布区位置(a)；雄巴盆地色卡执位置（b）
图a据Ding et al.（2003）、Williams et al.（2004）、刘栋（2017）汇编；AKMS. 阿尼玛卿‒昆仑‒木孜塔格缝合带；JSS. 金沙江缝合带；KF. 喀喇昆仑断裂；BNS. 班公湖‒怒江缝合带
Fig. 1. Distribution of potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks since post-collision in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (a) and location of Sekazhi in the Xiongba basin (b)
图 3 雄巴盆地色卡执钾质‒超钾质火山岩与显微结构
a、e. 流纹岩；b、f. 粗面岩；c、d、g~j. 粗面安山岩；Bt. 黑云母；Q. 石英；Phl. 金云母；Rt. 金红石；Ol. 橄榄岩；Pl. 斜长石；
Fig. 3. Potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks and microstructures in the Sekazhi of the Xiongba basin
图 4 三大地块Rb含量分布差异（a）和Cs含量分布差异（b）
仪仟Rb含量异常值1 511×10-6受图幅所限未标注
Fig. 4. Differences in the distribution of Rb content (a) and Cs content (b) among the three terranes
图 5 三大地块钾质‒超钾质火山岩哈克图解
Fig. 5. Harker diagrams of Potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks in Lhasa terrane、Qiangtang and Sonpan-Ganzi-Hoh Xil terrane
图 6 三大地块球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分模式(a、c、e)和原始地幔标准化微量元素蛛网图(b、d、f)
标准化值据Sun and McDonough（1989）
Fig. 6. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a, c, e) and primitive-mantle normalized spiderdiagrams (b, d, f) for the potassic- ultrapotassic volcanic rocks of the three terranes
图 7 三大地块K2O-Rb关系(a)和K-K/Rb关系(b)
Fig. 7. The K2O-Rb (a) and K-K/Rb (b) relationships for the potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks of the three terranes
图 8 拉萨地块钾质‒超钾质火山岩分异程度与Rb、Sr关系（a）和三大地块火山岩分异程度与Rb/Sr关系（b）
Fig. 8. Concentrations of rubidium and strontium (a) and the Rb/Sr ratio (b) of the potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks of the three terranes
图 9 三大地块钾质‒超钾质火山岩关键元素比值
球粒陨石引自Sun and McDonough（1989）
Fig. 9. Variations in several key elemental ratios as indicators of differentiation from the potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks of the three terranes
图 10 三大地块钾质‒超钾质火山岩微量元素定量模拟图解
a. Sr-Ba，底图据Xu et al.（2015）修改；b. Hf/Sm-Zr/Y，底图据Xu et al.（2015）；c. La-（La/Yb）N，底图据Li et al.（2017）；d. Eu-Sr，底图据Xiang et al.（2017）；Ba、Sr和Eu分配系数据Rollinson（1993）；La、Yb、Zr、Y分配系数据Mahood and Hildreth（1983）. Allan. 褐帘石；Hbl. 角闪石；Ap. 磷灰石；Bt. 黑云母；Grt. 石榴石；Kf. 钾长石；Mon. 独居石；Pl. 斜长石；Zr. 锆石；Sph. 榍石
Fig. 10. Numerical modelling diagrams for trace elements of the potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks of the three blocks
图 11 三大地块Zr-Zr/Hf相关性图解（a）；Nb/Ta-Nb相关性图解(b)；Nb/Ta-Ta相关性图解(c)
Fig. 11. Graphical representation of the Zr-Zr/Hf correlation (a); Nb/Ta-Nb correlation (b); Nb/Ta-Ta correlation (c) for the potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks of the three blocks
图 12 花岗岩的高分异判别图（a）（底图据Bouseily and Sokkary, 1975)和Nb/Ta-Zr/Hf图解(b)（高分异花岗岩据吴福元等，2017）
Fig. 12. Discrimination diagrams for highly-fractionated granites (a) (after Bouseily and Sokkary, 1975) and Nb/Ta-Zr/Hf diagram (b) (data of highly-fractionated granites from Wu et al., 2017)
表 1 三大地块钾质‒超钾质火山岩数据引用来源
Table 1. Reference data sources for potassic-ultrapotassic volcanic rocks from the three massifs
序号 地块 地区 引用数据文献 火山岩年龄 Rb平均含量及样品数 Cs平均含量及样品数 1 拉萨地块 狮泉河 Williams et al.，2004 20~16 Ma 425.51(n=5) ‒ 2 革吉 刘栋，2017；张耀玲，2018 24~22 Ma 521.39(n=20) ‒ 3 查加寺 胡文洁等，2012 30 Ma 436.19(n=13) 42.97(n=13) 4 亚热 Nomade et al.，2004；刘栋，2017 25~19 Ma 429.16(n=29) 27.31(n=29) 5 雄巴 Miller et al.，1999；郑绵平等，2016；刘栋，2017；张耀玲，2018；本文 25~16 Ma 479.73(n=73) 38.79(n=73) 6 学那 刘栋，2017 19~16 Ma 298.81(n=5) 18.22 (n=5) 7 赛利普 王保弟等，2008；刘栋，2017；孙晨光等，2008 18.5~17.6 Ma 445.52(n=12) 26.27（n=9） 8 麦嘎乡 丁林等，2006；刘峪菲等，2018 17~16 Ma 475.79(n=12) ‒ 9 扎布耶 赵志丹等，2009；刘栋，2017 19~15 Ma 429.18(n=34) 29.79(n=34) 10 布嘎寺 徐立坤，2019 16.2~15.5 Ma 675.79(n=12) ‒ 11 孔隆乡 Chen et al.，2010 21.3~20.1 Ma 676.5(n=13) ‒ 12 贡木淌 江元生等，2003；刘峪菲等，2018 16.5~16.3 Ma 492.27（n=6） ‒ 13 措勤县 陈建林等，2006 20~15 Ma 419.42(n=14) 24.89(n=14) 14 许如错 刘栋，2017 11.5 Ma 649.21(n=2) 25.49(n=2) 15 当惹雍错 张耀玲，2018 14.2~13.5 Ma 624.19（n=4） 39.18(n=4) 16 文部 Ding et al.，2003 23 Ma 405.6(n=6) 13.4(n=6) 17 查孜 Ding et al.，2003；陈建林等，2007；刘栋，2017 13.3 Ma 579.18(n=30) 26.87(n=30) 18 仪仟 丁林等，2006 13.5 Ma 1 049.5(n=3) 105.54(n=3) 19 米巴勒 刘峪菲等，2018 13.2~12.3 Ma 494.72(n=9) ‒ 20 Pabbai zong Williams et al.，2004 18~13 Ma 363.98(n=9) ‒ 21 南木林 徐立坤，2019 15.3~14.0 Ma 215.56(n=4) 20.01(n=3) 22 麻江 Coulon et al., 1986；
王保弟等，201121.29~10.10 Ma 352.59(n=6) ‒ 23 羊应 刘栋，2017 11.0~10.7 Ma 282.67(n=10) 84.93(n=10) 24 羌塘地块 鱼鳞山 丁林等，1999；刘燊等，2003；
Guo et al.，200631~23 Ma 164.28(n=35) 4.38(n=35) 25 火车头山 王成善，2001；刘燊等，2003；
Guo et al., 2006；赖绍聪等，2007；
范乐夫，2015；30.82~22.68 Ma 192.92(n=38) 21.06(n=38) 26 尖顶包 赖绍聪等，2001 37~35 Ma 67.23(n=3) 3.65(n=3) 27 半岛湖 赖绍聪等，2001 40.7 Ma 222.28(n=6) ‒ 28 浩波湖 赖绍聪等，2001 38.75~37.50 Ma 161.33(n=4) 6.44(n=4) 29 戈木错 翟庆国等，2009；赵芝等，2009；
张蕊，201832~24 Ma 160.83(n=46) 3.29(n=46) 30 走构
油茶错董春艳，2006 33.29~28.35 Ma 86.72(n=8) ‒ 31 多格错仁 董春艳，2006 39.7 Ma 87.41(n=4) ‒ 32 枕头崖 Lai et al.，2003 44.66 Ma 168.67(n=44) 3.36(n=44) 33 可可西里地块 涌波错 夏斌等，2006；张蕊，2018 18.6 Ma 236.67(n=14) ‒ 34 黑驼峰 江东辉等，2008 13~7 Ma 153.45(n=10) 26.44(n=10) 35 马兰山 江东辉等，2008 8~7 Ma 122.51(n=2) 5.19(n=2) 36 饮马湖 迟效国等，2006 17 Ma 213.54(n=8) 12.13(n=8) 37 五雪峰火 江东辉等，2008 17~15 Ma 171.86(n=7) 5.19(n=7) 38 可考湖 江东辉等，2008 17~12 Ma 141.92(n=14) 4.38(n=14) 注：Rb、Cs质量含量单位为10-6. 
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