藏东南地区直白沟冰雪型地质灾害链时空演化特征

黄海; 龚诚

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2023.140

藏东南地区直白沟冰雪型地质灾害链时空演化特征

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2023.140

黄海^{1, 2,},
龚诚^{1, 3}

1.
中国地质科学院探矿工艺研究所, 四川成都 611734
2.
自然资源部地质灾害风险防控工程技术创新中心, 四川成都 611734
3.
中国地质大学工程学院, 湖北武汉 430074

基金项目:

中国地质调查局地质调查项目 DD20221741

第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目 2019QZKK0902

详细信息

作者简介:
黄海（1984-），男，高级工程师，研究方向青藏高原地质灾害链成灾机制.E-mail：huangh@mail.cgs.gov.cn

中图分类号: P694
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-10-16
- 网络出版日期: 2024-11-08
- 刊出日期: 2024-10-25

Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Geohazard Chain Participated by Glacier and Snow in Zhibai Gully, SE Tibetan Plateau

Huang Hai^{1, 2
,},
Gong Cheng^{1, 3}

1.
Institute of Exploration Technology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Chengdu 611734, China
2.
Technology Innovation Center or Risk Prevention and Mitigation Engineering of Geohazard, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu 611734, China
3.
Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China

摘要

摘要: 冰雪型地质灾害链是藏东南地区重大工程建设中的重要风险源，分析灾害链的演化规律可为重大灾害隐患识别和风险研判提供支撑.以直白沟为对象，通过野外调查、遥感解译和灾害监测，研究了孕灾背景的演化和1950年以来的6次灾害链事件的活动特征.结果表明：直白沟冰雪型地质灾害链是由冰川活动和高位岩崩驱动的，演进模式分为相变驱动物性变化成链和多要素级联效应成链两类，灾害链的活跃程度受地震作用显著控制.孕灾条件中的冰川和冰碛物的时空演化控制了灾害链的活动特征，地震和冰川消退驱动链首灾害由冰川跃动向高位岩体转换，物源增多和冰水相变作用增加了灾害链的演进长度和规模.现状直白沟内的则隆弄冰川退缩严重，由冰川跃动启动灾害链可能性减小，而由地震及冻融循环诱发的高位岩崩启动灾害链的可能性显著增强.
- 灾害链 /
- 演进过程 /
- 冰川跃动 /
- 冰岩崩 /
- 泥石流 /
- 环境地质学
Abstract: The glacier and snow-related geohazard chain pose a significant threat to the economic activities in the Southeast Tibetan Plateau. Analyzing the evolution law of disaster can provide support for the risk prevention and mitigation, and also for the early identification of disaster. Based on field survey, remote sensing interpretation, and hazard monitoring, in this paper it aims to analyze the evolution of disaster formation conditions and the activity characteristics of six geohazard chain events since the 1950. The results show that the geohazard chain in Zhibai Gully was driven by glacier activity and rock collapse. The evolution models of geohazard chain are summarized into two types: physical property change chain induced by ice water phase transformation, and geological cascade chain induced by coupling of multi factors. It is found that the disaster activity is significantly controlled by the earthquake, and the disaster characteristics is correlated with the temporal-spatial evolution of the formation conditions. Under the influence of the earthquake and deglacialtion, the initiation of disaster chain is transformed from glacier active to rock collapse. The increasing of soil material sources and the effect of ice water phase transformation both enhance the evolution length and scale of disaster. For the present, the Zelongnong glacier is retreating seriously, decreasing the possibility of a geohazard triggered by a glacier. Corresponding the ice/rock avalanche becomes the key to the geohazard chain.
- geohazard chain /
- evolution progress /
- glacier surge /
- ice-rock avalanche /
- debris flow /
- environmental geology

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图 1 直白沟孕灾背景图

a.区位图；b.地质背景；F1.性质不明断层；F2.正断层

Fig. 1. Sketch map of the formation condition of geohazard in Zhibai Gully

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 直白沟则隆弄冰川赋存条件

Fig. 2. Characteristic of Zelongnong glacier in Zhibai Gully

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 利用光学遥感影像反演灾害链过程的方法

Fig. 3. Identification of geohazard chain process retrieved from remote sensing images

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 直白沟冲出沟口的历次灾害链调查

a.GC3灾害链运动范围；b.GC1灾害链支沟冰川越过主沟冰川产生的堆积；c.GC2灾害链在主河对岸岸坡产生的冲击痕迹；d.GC6灾害链在沟口致灾特征；e.GC6灾害链后沟道特征

Fig. 4. Investigation of hazard chain with damming-river in Zhibai Gully

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 GC4和GC5灾害链活动特征

a. GC4发生前的冰川表面；b. GC4发生后的冰川表面；c. GC5发生后的斜坡地表；d. GC5发生后的崩塌源区岩体；e. GC5发生前的崩塌源区岩体

Fig. 5. The development characteristics of GC4 and GC5

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图 6 直白沟6次灾害链事件演进过程

Fig. 6. The evolution process of those six geohazard chain events in Zhibai Gully

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 南侧支沟发育的GC5和GC6演进过程剖面图

Fig. 7. The profile map of the evolution process of GC5 and GC6

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图 8 典型沟道微地貌变化

Fig. 8. Variation characteristics of typical channel microgeomorphology

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图 9 孕灾背景演化和灾害链活动相关性

Fig. 9. Correlation between formation conditions evolution and activities for disaster chain

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图 10 直白沟灾害链的驱动与演化机制

Fig. 10. Driving and evolutionary mechanism of disaster chain in Zhibai Gully

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 直白沟孕灾背景分析数据源统计

Table 1. Statistics of data source of geohazard formation conditions in Zhibai Gully

序号	时间	数据源	影像数据分辨率	数据类型
1	1961年11月4日	Keyhole	约3 m	光学遥感影像
2	1969年12月5日	Keyhole	约3 m
3	1970年12月5日	Keyhole	约30 m
4	1976年3月17日	Keyhole	约30 m
5	1982年12月5日	Keyhole	约0.5 m
6	2003年1月3日	Google earth	0.3 m
7	2013年12月8日	Google earth	0.3 m
8	2014年10月25日	Google earth	0.3 m
9	2017年12月4日	Google earth	0.3 m
10	2016年8月	Planet	3 m
11	2017年10月	Planet	3 m
12	2017年12月	Planet	3 m
13	2019年9月	Planet	3 m
14	2020年10月	Planet	3 m
15	2021年8月	Planet	3 m
16	2022年9月	Planet	3 m
17	2019年	相机、无人机测绘	-	野外调查资料
18	2020年	相机、无人机测绘	-	野外调查资料

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表 2 直白沟地质灾害链事件统计

Table 2. Statistics of geohazard chain events in Zhibai Gully

事件编号	暴发时间	降水条件	危害情况	数据来源
GC1	1950年8月15日	无降雨	夷平直白村，百余人死亡	张文敬(1985)
GC2	1950年8月15日	无降雨	堵塞主河，形成溃决洪水
GC3	1968年(藏历七月)	无降雨	堵塞主河，形成溃决洪水
GC4	2014年	未知	未冲出沟口	遥感解译
GC5	2017年	未知	未冲出沟口	遥感解译
GC6	2020年9月10日	无降雨	冲毁桥梁，挤占主河	野外调查

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表 3 直白沟灾害链的时空间分区特征

Table 3. The temporal-spatial zoning characteristics of disaster chain in Zhibai Gully

编号	链首灾害	第1链生区	链中灾害Ⅰ	第2链生区	链中灾害Ⅱ	第3链生区	链末灾害
GC1	冰川跃动	主冰川交汇口	冰岩碎屑流	冲沟中部	-	-	泥石流
GC2	冰川跃动	冰舌末端下游沟道	冰岩碎屑流	-	-	交汇口	溃决洪水
GC3	冰川跃动	冰舌末端下游沟道	冰岩碎屑流	-	-	交汇口	溃决洪水
GC4	冰岩崩	冰崩所在斜坡坡脚	-	-	-	-	碎屑流
GC5	冰岩崩	崩塌下部冰碛平台	-	-	-	-	碎屑流
GC6	冰岩崩	崩塌下部斜坡	碎屑流	南侧支沟沟道	泥石流	交汇口	堵江

下载: 导出CSV

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