Spatial Distribution, Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Inorganic Pollutant in Groundwater in Eastern Plain of Xinjiang
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摘要: 地下水是新疆东部平原区主要的、甚至唯一的饮用水源，地下水中无机组分的污染情况及其对人体健康的负面影响尚不明晰.对该区域183组地下水样品中常见无机组分浓度进行测定，运用GIS技术揭示污染物空间分布特征，以正定矩阵分解模型（PMF）进行源解析，基于USEPA健康风险评价模型的蒙特卡洛模拟（MCS）和PMF耦合量化潜在来源的健康风险.新疆东部平原区地下水水质主要受SO42‒和Cl‒的影响，分别有30.60%和17.49%的地下水超过国家生活饮用水标准限值（250 mg·L‒1），高值点集中位于巴里坤县三塘湖镇、高昌区东南部和鄯善县东部.PMF解析出溶滤‒蒸发浓缩作用、含水层岩性、农业活动、生物地球化学作用、氧化还原环境和地质环境背景6个地下水无机组分的潜在来源，贡献率分别为82.43%、7.64%、6.87%、1.96%、0.80%和0.30%.健康风险评价结果表明：Cl‒是危害人体健康的主要无机污染物，成人和儿童的非致癌风险可忽略不计，溶滤‒蒸发浓缩作用对区内成人和儿童非致癌风险的贡献率均 > 95.00%，考虑饮用水安全，应选择Cl‒地下水高值区为主要污染管理区.Abstract: Groundwater is the main or even the only source of drinking water in the eastern plain of Xinjiang. The pollution status of inorganic components in groundwater and their negative effects on human health are still unclear. The concentrations of common inorganic components in 183 groundwater samples were determined, and the spatial distribution characteristics of pollutants were revealed by GIS technology, positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used for source apportionment, and the health risks of potential sources were quantified by coupling Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) and PMF based on USEPA health risk assessment model. The groundwater quality in the eastern plain of Xinjiang was mainly affected by SO42- and Cl-, and 30.60% and 17.49% of the groundwater exceeded the limit of national drinking water standard (250 mg·L-1), respectively, the high value points are concentrated in Santanghu Town of Balikun County, the southeast of Gaochang District and the east of Shanshan County. PMF analyzed six potential sources of inorganic components in groundwater, including leaching and evaporation concentration, aquifer lithology, agricultural activity, biogeochemical process, redox environment and geological environment background, the contribution rates were 82.43%, 7.64%, 6.87%, 1.96%, 0.80% and 0.30% respectively. The results of health risk assessment show that Cl- was the main inorganic pollutant harmful to human health, and the non-carcinogenic risk of adults and children could be neglected. The contribution rate of leaching and evaporation concentration to the non-carcinogenic risk of adults and children were more than 95.00%. Considering the safety of drinking water, the high value area of Cl- should be selected as the main pollution management area.
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图 1 新疆东部平原区地理位置、地层分布(a)，2020年的土地利用类型、地下水等水位线、取样点分布(b)，水文地质剖面（c.改自陈鲁, 2014; 白铭等, 2015)
Fig. 1. Geographical location and stratigraphic distribution of the eastern Xinjiang plain (a), land use types, groundwater contour and sampling points distribution in 2020 (b), hydrogeological profile (c. modified from Chen (2014) and Bai et al.(2015))
图 2 地下水中TDS(a)、TH(b)、pH(c)、Cl‒(d)、SO42‒(e)、Fe(f)、F‒(g)、NO3‒(h)、NH4+(i)、NO2‒(j)空间分布
Fig. 2. Horizontal distribution of TDS(a), TH(b), pH(c), Cl‒(d), SO42‒(e), Fe(f), F‒(g), NO3‒(h), NH4+(i), NO2‒(j) in groundwater
图 3 地下水无机组分的来源解析
模型中各因素的贡献率（a）、各组分对因素的贡献率（b）、因素贡献率与Pearson相关分析（c）
Fig. 3. Source apportionment of inorganic components in groundwater
图 4 地下水NO3‒与Cl‒ (a)、(NO3‒)/(Na+)与(Cl‒)/(Na+)（b）的关系
Fig. 4. Relation diagrams of NO3‒ and Cl‒ (a), (NO3‒)/(Na+) and (Cl‒)/(Na+)(b) in groundwater
图 5 地下水危险系数概率分布，包括Cl‒(a)、SO42‒(b)、Fe(c)、NH4+(d)、NO3‒(e)、NO2‒(f)、F‒(g), 危险指数HI（h）
Fig. 5. Probability distribution of hazard quotient (HQ), including Cl‒(a), SO42‒(b), Fe(c), NH4+(d), NO3‒(e), NO2‒(f), F‒(g), hazard index HI(h)
图 6 成人(a)和儿童(b)饮水暴露途径下健康风险参数敏感性
Fig. 6. Sensitivity of health risk parameters in adults (a) and children (b) by water exposure routes
图 7 潜在污染源对成人(a)和儿童(b)健康风险的贡献
Fig. 7. Contribution of potential sources of pollution to health risks for adults (a) and children (b)
表 1 风险评估模型中的暴露因子参数
Table 1. Exposure factor parameters in risk assessment model
暴露因素 类型 人群 参考文献 成人 儿童 BW(kg) 对数正态 LN(57.03, 1.10) LN(16.68, 1.48) (Mukherjee et al., 2022) IR(L/d) 对数正态 LN(1.23, 0.27) (1.12, 0.27) (Soleimani et al., 2022) L(a) 均匀分布 U (0, 70) U (0, 10) (Lei et al., 2022) RfD[mg/(kg·d)] 点 F‒ (0.06) 1, NO3‒ (1.6) 1, NO2‒(0.1)1, Cl‒ (0.1)1,
SO42‒ (120)1, Fe (0.3) 1, NH4+(1.0)21(Lei et al., 2022)
2(赵政阳, 2021)
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表 2 地下水无机组分的描述性统计(N=183)
Table 2. Descriptive statistics of inorganic components in groundwater (N=183)
指标 最小值 最大值 平均值 标准差 中间值 变异系数(%) 检出限 检出率(%) Ⅲ类限值a 超标率（%） pH 6.85 8.93 7.83 0.39 7.89 5.0 0.01 100.00 6.5≤pH≤8.5 2.19 TDS 90.17 6 499.88 895.90 1 194.55 428.60 133.3 0.1 100.00 1 000 25.14 TH 38.67 3 542.80 328.88 419.26 192.00 127.5 0.1 100.00 450 18.03 Cl‒ 5.22 2 637.50 193.06 383.63 49.60 198.7 0.1 100.00 250 17.49 SO42‒ 3.07 2 302.38 302.69 432.35 96.10 142.8 0.1 100.00 250 30.60 F‒ < 0.01 3.46 0.56 0.54 0.37 96.5 0.01 98.91 1 15.30 Fe < 0.01 1.57 0.09 0.21 0.03 223.6 0.01 98.91 0.3 6.56 NO3‒-N < 0.2 57.48 3.94 7.11 1.57 180.4 0.2 92.35 20/10a 3.83/7.65 NH4+-N < 0.02 7.88 0.19 0.69 0.04 370.4 0.02 73.77 0.5 4.92 NO2‒-N < 0.002 2.00 0.04 0.19 0.01 430.8 0.002 87.43 1 1.09 注：除pH外，其余组分单位均为mg·L‒1；限值来自《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848-2017)，a限值来自《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB/T 5749-2022).
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表 3 基于蒙特卡罗模拟的非致癌健康风险参数统计
Table 3. Statistics of non-carcinogenic health risk parameters based on Monte Carlo simulation
风险 指标 均值(中位数) 标准偏差 95%置信区间 成人 儿童 成人 儿童 成人 儿童 HQ Cl- 7.78E-06(6.39E-07) 1.69E-04(1.48E-05) 1.88E-04 5.32E-03 (4.09E-06, 1.15E-05) (6.47E-05, 2.73E-04) SO42- 1.56E-08(1.06E-09) 1.49E-07(2.20E-08) 9.85E-07 1.63E-06 (-3.72E-09, 3.49E-08) (1.17E-07, 1.81E-07) Fe 1.44E-09(9.83E-11) 2.77E-08(2.13E-09) 4.90E-08 6.17E-07 (4.80E-10, 2.40E-09) (1.56E-08, 3.98E-08) NH4+ 9.36E-10(4.90E-11) 1.37E-08(1.05E-09) 4.02E-08 2.71E-07 (1.48E-10, 1.72E-09) (8.43E-09, 1.09E-08) NO3- 7.86E-08(3.99E-09) 7.39E-07(8.49E-08) 3.85E-06 1.45E-05 (3.28E-09, 1.54E-07) (4.56E-07, 1.02E-06) NO2- 2.70E-10(1.54E-11) 1.12E-07(5.47E-09) 5.28E-09 3.33E-06 (1.66E-10, 3.73E-10) (4.66E-08, 1.77E-07) F- 2.83E-08(4.80E-09) 5.79E-07(1.02E-07) 5.09E-07 9.55E-06 (1.83E-08, 3.82E-08) (3.92E-07, 7.66E-07) HI 总HQ 7.91E-06(6.49E-07) 1.71E-04(1.50E-05) 1.93E-04 5.35E-03 (4.11E-06, 1.17E-05) (6.57E-05, 2.75E-04)
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