A Paleogeographic Reconstruction of the South China during the Ordovician-Devonian Constrained by Multiple Geographic Indicators
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摘要: 华南板块有丰富的古生代生物重大演化事件的地层记录，因而是研究古地理环境变化与生物演化的天然实验室.但这一时期华南的古地理位置存在较大争议.综合利用古地磁、古生物演化事件、古地理环境变化等指标，对古生代中期华南板块不同古地理重建模型进行评价.表明现有模型很难吻合以上大多数指标.基于奥陶纪末期真极移事件以及古地磁结果，我们建立了奥陶纪末‒泥盆纪4个不同时期的华南古地理重建新模型.该模型表明华南与冈瓦那大陆的关系是动态的，具有从近到远又由远及近的运动过程.此模型可以很好地吻合华南现有古生物、古地磁及古地理环境变化等数据，为后期研究古生代地理环境与生物演化的关系提供了更准确的古地理重建基础.Abstract: South China Block is a natural laboratory for the study of paleogeographic environmental changes and biological evolution since it has myriad records of major biological evolutionary events in the Paleozoic. However, the paleogeographic location of South China during this period remains controversial. In this paper it selects and evaluates different paleogeographic reconstruction models of the South China Block in the Middle Paleozoic by using of the paleomagnetic data, paleontological evolution pattern, paleogeographic environmental changes and other indicators. It is difficult for the existing models to match most of these indicators. On the basis of the newly proposed paleogeographic reconstruction of South China at the end of Ordovician based on true polar wandering, it established the paleogeographic location model of South China at four different periods from the Late Ordovician to Devonian. The model shows that the relationship between South China and the Gondwana is dynamically evolving, with a movement from near to far and from far to near. Moreover, this model can well match the existing data of paleomagnetism, paleontology, tectonic evolution and paleogeographic environment changes in South China, which provides a high accuracy paleogeographic reconstruction for the further study of the Paleozoic environment and paleontological evolution in South China.
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图 1 华南板块现有晚奥陶世‒早泥盆世古地理重建模型
a.华南板块现今位置走向；b.440 Ma华南板块位置重建模型1~模型6；c.430 Ma华南板块位置重建模型2~模型5；d.420 Ma华南板块位置重建模型2~模型7
Fig. 1. Reconstructions of the Late Ordovician-Early Devonian paleogeographic position of the South China Block
图 2 华南板块中泥盆世古地理位置重建模型
a.400 Ma华南板块位置重建模型2、模型3、模型5；b.380 Ma华南板块位置与印支板块重建模型7（华南板块与印支板块之间存在陆表海）；c.380 Ma华南板块与印支板块位置重建模型5；d. 380 Ma华南板块与印支板块位置重建模型3、模型8
Fig. 2. Reconstruction of the Middle Devonian paleogeographic position of the South China Block
图 3 华南地区盔甲鱼类的种属亲缘关系与地史分布
据Zhu and Gai（2006）；Shan et al.（2022）
Fig. 3. Species affinities and temporal distribution of galeaspids in South China
图 4 华南地区陆生维管植物种属亲缘关系与地史分布图以及属的数目变化
据王怿等（2010）；Xue et al.（2018）；Pawlik et al.（2020）
Fig. 4. Species affinities and temporal distribution of terrestrial vascular plants in South China
图 5 华南板块志留纪‒中泥盆世的古地理位置重建.
a.440 Ma华南板块的重建位置，据Jing et al.（2022），印支板块演化参考Liu et al.（2021），红色为奥陶纪末期真极移事件；b.本文435 Ma华南板块的重建位置；c.400 Ma华南板块的重建位置；d.380 Ma华南板块的重建位置；奥陶纪塔里木板块古地磁结果O3T，奥陶纪华北板块古地磁结果O2N，奥陶纪华北板块古地磁结果O3N，华南板块真极移事件古地磁极点O3S、S1RS，来自小溪组华南板块423 Ma古地磁极点S3XS，华南板块志留纪兰多维列世古地磁极点S1RS、S1HS，460~440 Ma塔里木板块古地磁极点S12T，志留纪塔里木板块古地磁结果S23T，志留纪塔里木板块古地磁结果D12S，泥盆纪华南板块古地磁结果D3S，泥盆纪华南板块古地磁结果D2S，泥盆纪华南板块古地磁结果D23N，泥盆纪华北板块古地磁结果
Fig. 5. Reconstruction of the Silurian-Middle Devonian paleogeographic position of the South China Block
表 1 460~370 Ma重建所用的古地磁极点
Table 1. 460‒370 Ma paleopoles used for reconstruction
陆块 极点名称 年龄(Ma) Lat Long dp dm Q 参考文献 O2S 450 45.8 11.3 2.4 4.2 7 Han et al., 2015 S1RS 438 ‒17.9 20.3 4.2 4.2 6 Jing et al., 2022 华南 D12S 400 36.1 231.4 6.5 12.5 5 D2S* 385 41.3 247.7 3.0 3.0 7 Xian et al., 2019 D3S 360 45.4 234.1 3.3 6.6 5 O2T 460 33.7 5.0 2.7 4.0 6 塔里木 S12T 433 ‒19.1 352.9 5.5 5.5 6 S23T 432 ‒12.1 338.4 4.1 7.1 6 O2N 460 ‒27.9 130.4 9.2 9.2 6 华北 O3N 450 ‒31.5 147.7 7.0 7.0 7 SN 440~420 ‒60.1 159.0 11.2 11.2 7 D23N 390~360 ‒56.0 156.0 9.2 9.2 6 460 16.9 17.1 14.6 15.4 6 450 14.9 17.0 2.4 2.4 6 440 ‒43.3 12.0 18.5 18.6 6 430 ‒47.4 13.0 15.1 17.1 6 冈瓦纳 420 ‒49.8 15.5 14.9 13.1 6 Wu et al., 2023 410 ‒51.5 16.6 15.4 13.6 6 400 ‒53.3 13.7 18.4 15.1 6 390 ‒42.3 10.2 22.7 14.0 6 380 ‒25.7 10.4 15.3 9.8 6 注：*根据 Jing et al.（2022） ，极点进行12°逆时针旋转.
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表 2 本文重建中地块/大陆的欧垃圾旋转参数
Table 2. Euler rotation parameters for the blocks/continents in our reconstruction
旋转的大陆 年龄(Ma) 欧拉极(Euler pole) 欧拉旋转角(Euler angle) 参考大陆 华南板块 450~440 ‒1.8 127.3 30.9 435 28.0 120.8 40.2 400 21.6 ‒4.7 ‒23.2 380 42.3 71.2 ‒44.5 掸泰地块 450~380 3.7 ‒4.6 ‒40.6 印支地块 400 ‒0.3 ‒78.1 ‒103.2 380 2.8 ‒83.8 ‒89.7 塔里木地块 450~440 35.2 74.6 31.2 435 47.4 66.5 36.7 400 58.2 54.7 46.9 380 62.0 47.9 53.3 华北板块 450 53.2 119.5 ‒130.3 North West Africa 440 59.7 120.7 ‒105.8 435 62.8 102.5 ‒103.5 400 47.6 91.3 ‒81.7 380 43.2 99.5 ‒97.7 澳大利亚板块 450~380 ‒28.1 293.2 52.1 阿拉伯地块 450~380 26.2 11.2 ‒14.2 马达加斯加地块 450~380 ‒14.9 277.6 15.7 印度板块 450~380 26.7 37.3 ‒69.4 南羌塘地块 450~380 30.2 45.5 ‒63.0 东南极板块 450~380 ‒12.4 326.2 53.3 南美板块 450~380 53.0 325.0 51.0
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