Review of Structural Deformation in the Upper Crust of the Southeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau since the Late Cenozoic
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摘要: 青藏高原东南缘是检验青藏高原演化模型的理想实验场，也是全球地震活动最为频繁的地区之一.综述了青藏高原东南缘主要活动断裂十年和万年尺度的滑动习性研究和百年时间尺度区域地震活动分布，结合前人总结的百万年时间尺度的年代学研究，认为自中新世中晚期以来，青藏高原内部物质逐渐向东流出，受四川盆地阻挡，转而向东南缘地区作顺时针旋转运动，至晚第四纪时期，东南缘地区上地壳变形已由原本集中分布在大型走滑边界断裂和逆冲褶皱带转变为弥散式分布至区内次级断裂，形成了以鲜水河-小江断裂带和实皆断裂带为边界，围绕喜马拉雅东构造结作顺时针旋转的运动学特征. 据此青藏高原东南缘变形可划分为两阶段，中新世早期及以前变形集中在大型边界断裂，符合刚性块体变形，至晚第四纪时期转为弥散式连续变形. 基于水平滑动速率和地震活动性对比，青藏高原东南缘活动断裂可大致分为三级. 一级断裂为边界断裂鲜水河-小江断裂带和实皆断裂带，水平滑动速率均≥10 mm/a，曾发生8级及以上地震和连续的7~7.9级强震，是东南缘地区晚第四纪以来一级构造格架；二级断裂往往控制东南缘地区强活动构造单元，水平滑动速率为~3~6 mm/a，通常发生过7~7.9级地震；三级断裂水平滑动速率一般≤2 mm/a，通常发生过7级以下地震，一般规模较小，但数量较多. 此外，川滇地块晚第四纪变形特征发生转变，构造运动由原本的沿大型边界走滑断裂运动转变为鲜水河-小江断裂带周缘次级活动地块的旋转、平移和差异隆升.Abstract: The southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is an ideal experimental field to test the evolutionary model of the Tibetan Plateau and one of the most seismically active regions in the world. In this paper, we review the decadal and 10, 000⁃year⁃scale slip habits of the major active faults on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and the 100⁃year⁃scale regional seismic activity, combined with the million⁃year time⁃scale chronology studies, we think the internal material of the Tibetan Plateau gradually flowed out to the east and was blocked by the Sichuan Basin, turning to the southeastern margin area for clockwise rotational movement since the middle and late Miocene. In the Late Quaternary, the upper crustal deformation in the southeastern margin has changed from being concentrated in large strike⁃slip boundary faults and thrust fold belts to being diffusely distributed to secondary faults in the region, forming the kinematic characteristics of clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalayan syntaxis with the Xianshuihe⁃Xiaojiang Fault Zone and the Sagaing Fault Zone as boundaries. Accordingly, the deformation of the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau can be divided into two stages. The deformation of the early Miocene period was concentrated in large boundary faults, which conforms to the deformation of rigid blocks, and turned into diffuse continuous deformation in the late Quaternary. Based on the comparison of horizontal slip rate, seismogenic capacity and seismic activity, the active faults on the southeast edge of the Tibetan Plateau can be roughly divided into three levels. The first⁃tier faults are the boundary fault Xianshuihe⁃Xiaojiang fault zone and Sagaing fault zone, with horizontal slip rates ≥10 mm/a, capable of occurring earthquakes of M 8 and above alone, and can continuously generate strong earthquakes of M 7⁃7.9, which are the first⁃tier tectonic frame since the Late Quaternary in the southeastern margin; the second⁃tier faults can control the strongly active tectonic units in the southeast margin, with horizontal slip rates ~3⁃6 mm/a, generally capable of occurring earthquakes of M 7⁃7.9, and can continuously generate earthquakes of M 6⁃6.9; the horizontal slip rate of Level 3 faults is generally ≤2 mm/a, they are only capable to generating earthquakes less to M 7, and are generally smaller in scale but more numerous. In addition, the Late Quaternary deformation characteristics of the Chuandian Block have changed from the original slip movement along the large boundary faults to the rotation, translation and differential uplift of the secondary active blocks around the Xianshuihe⁃Xiaojiang Fault Zone.
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图 1 (a) 研究区地理位置图; (b)青藏高原东南缘地质构造图
图a中：AFZ. 阿尔金断裂带；HFZ. 海原断裂带；KF. 东昆仑断裂；JF. 嘉黎断裂；图b中：GYF. 甘孜-玉树断裂；XSHF. 鲜水河断裂；AZF. 安宁河-则木河断裂带；DLSF. 大凉山断裂；XJF. 小江断裂；LTF. 理塘断裂；JSJFZ. 金沙江断裂；WQF. 维西-乔后断裂；LXF. 丽江-小金河断裂；DZF. 德钦-中甸断裂；CF. 程海断裂；NCF. 南华-楚雄断裂；YMF. 元谋断裂；QF. 曲江断裂；SF. 石屏-建水断裂；PF. 普渡河断裂；DBFF. 奠边府断裂；RRF. 红河断裂；NTHF. 南汀河断裂；MF. 勐连断裂；MLF. 勐龙断裂；DLF. 打洛断裂；SJF. 实皆断裂；块体划分依据张培震等(2013)
Fig. 1. (a)Geographical location map of the study area; (b) Tectonic map of southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau
图 2 青藏高原东南缘GNSS观测的地壳运动速度场(所有GNSS速度均相对于稳定的欧亚大陆，数据来自Wang and Shen, 2020)
Fig. 2. Velocity field of crustalde formation of the southeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau observed from Global Navigation Satellite System(All GNSS velocities are in Eurasian fixed reference frame, data from Wang and Shen, 2020)
图 3 青藏高原东南缘6级以上强震分布
数据来自中国历史强震目录1995年版和中国地震断层信息系统
Fig. 3. Distribution of strong earthquakes over M6 in the southeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau
图 4 青藏高原东南缘4.0级及以上地震震源机制解
数据来自中国地震科学实验场地区-震源机制解目录2009—2017年
Fig. 4. Earthquake focal mechanism solution of M 4.0 or above in southeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau
图 5 青藏高原东南缘活动断裂水平滑动速率分级
Fig. 5. Classification of horizontal slip rate of active faults in the southeastern margin of Tibetan Plateau
图 6 (a) 川滇块体地理位置图; (b)川滇块体断裂分级和强震分布图
AFZ. 阿尔金断裂带；HFZ. 海原断裂带；KF. 东昆仑断裂；JF. 嘉黎断裂. b：青藏高原东南缘地质构造图. XSHF. 鲜水河断裂；AZF. 安宁河-则木河断裂带；DLSF. 大凉山断裂；XJF. 小江断裂；LTF. 理塘断裂；JSJFZ. 金沙江断裂；WQF. 维西-乔后断裂；LXF. 丽江-小金河断裂；DZF. 德钦-中甸断裂；CF. 程海断裂；NCF. 南华-楚雄断裂；YMF. 元谋断裂；QF. 曲江断裂；SF. 石屏-建水断裂；PF. 普渡河断裂；RRF. 红河断裂
Fig. 6. (a)Geographical location map of the Chuandian block; (b)Classification of fault slip rate and strong earthquake distribution map of the Chuandian block
表 1 青藏高原东南缘断裂现今水平滑动速率
Table 1. Current horizontal slip rate of faults in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau
表 2 鲜水河-小江断裂带晚第四纪水平滑动速率
Table 2. Late Quaternary horizontal slip rate of the Xianshuihe⁃Xiaojiang fault zone
断裂名称 位置 位错标志体 位错量 测年方式 测年结果 水平滑动速率(mm/a) 参考文献 鲜水河断裂 北西段 磨西盆地 阶地面冲沟位错 Ta冲沟：(46±8) m；Tb冲沟位错：(28±5) m TL Ta：(5 215±125) a；
Tb：(2 925±85) a9.6±1.7 徐锡伟等(2003) Douri 冲沟位错 1 800 m (172.20±18.94) ka 11.09±1.22 Zhang et al. (2016) Kaqi 2 100 m (191.65±21.08) ka 10.58±1.16 Kasu 212 m (21 300±1 150) a 9.98±0.54 226 m 10.64±0.57 210 m 9.89±0.53 龙灯坝 河流阶地位错 242 m T3：(23.3±2.0) ka；
T2：(13.18±1.07) ka17±3 Chen et al. (2016) 炉霍故里村 T2/T3
(55±10) mT3：(7.32±0.56) ka；T2：(3.76±0.29) ka 14±2 徐锡伟等(2003) 道孚麻孜村 河谷位错 (400±50) m 河谷底部堆积物：(27.24±2.12) ka 道孚松林口 河流阶地位错 T3/T2
(170.5±15) mT2：(13.18±1.07) ka 色拉哈段 Tagong 冰碛物位错 (96±20) m 10Be 12.5(+2.5~2.2) ka 7.6(+2.3~1.9) Bai et al. (2018) 色拉哈 (240±15) m (22±2) ka 10.7(+1.3~1.1) 杨家沟 (80±5) m (18±2) ka 9.6~9.9 Jin longsi 河流阶地位错 75 m 14C (7 095±131) a.B.P. 6.7±3 Chen et al. (2016) 折多塘段 折多塘 冲沟位错 142 m OSL (16.4±1.3) ka 8.5±2 Chen et al. (2016) 折多塘 冰碛物位错 (65±10) m 10Be (12.7±1.0)~(15.9±1.2) ka 4.1±0.7 Bai et al. (2021) 磨西段 磨西 冰碛物位错 (205±30) m 10Be (18±1.4) ka 11.4(+2.0/-1.8) Bai et al. (2021) 安宁河断裂 冕宁林里村 冲沟位错 (180±30) m TL T3：(31±1.9) ka；
T2：(25.35±0.41) ka6.5±1 徐锡伟等(2003) 大水沟 河流阶地位错 T1: (5.3±0.3) m；T3/T2: (15.0±0.5) m 14C T1：(920±30) a、(1 130±30) a；T3：(3 330±30) a、(3 240±30) a、(3 350±30) a 4.4 王虎等(2018) 沙尔盆地 洪积扇冲沟位错和冲沟阶地位错 冲沟: 27.5 m阶地: 6 m TL 洪积扇顶部粘土质粉砂：(4.1±0.3) ka；冲沟阶地：(2.06±0.16) ka 3~7 何宏林和池田隆安(2007) 紫马跨 台地冲沟位错 (84±3) m 14C 断塞塘底部腐殖质：2.0~2.2 ka 4.2±0.2 冉勇康等(2008) 马家沟 洪积扇边缘位错 (23±2) m 断塞塘底部
(3 100±30) a.B.P.7.4±0.7 Hu et al. (2021) 则木河断裂 西昌 洪积扇位错 (85±5) m TL (13.29±1.04) ka 6.4±0.6 徐锡伟等(2003) 五道菁乡 洪积扇边缘位错 76 m 14C (15 630±990) a 4.9 任金卫(1994) Sijiabushi 台地面冲沟 85 m TL14C古气候 10~15 ka 5.7~8.5 He et al. (2008) Lanbiluo 72~88 m 10~15 ka 4.8~8.8 Dalouhe 80~90 m 10~15 ka 5.3~9.0 Tuomugou 80 m 10~15 ka 5.3~8.0 大凉山断裂 拖都以西 阶地位错 (60±5) m
(40±4) m
(30±4) m14C (14.74±0.15) ka 3.3±0.3 徐锡伟等(2003) 曲古地 洪积扇上冲沟位错 28 m TL (24 980±1 950) a. B.P. 2.6 周荣军等(2003) 布拖 洪积扇上冲沟位错 37 m (13 170±130) a. B.P. 2.8 吉夫拉打乡 洪积扇上冲沟位错 50 m (17 760±1 400) a. B.P. 2.8 则左青村 洪积扇上冲沟位错 (7.6±0.2) m OSL (2.6±0.2) ka 2.9±0.24 魏占玉等(2012) 洛达村 河道位错 (95±0.5) m (37.1±3.2) ka 2.6±0.24 觉撒乡 洪积扇上河道位错 (20.4±0.5) m (8.1±0.4) ka 2.5±0.13 小江断裂带 Cangxi 台地面冲沟位错 65 m TL 14C
古气候6~7 ka 9.3~10.8 He et al(2008) Laoxiajia 120 m 10~15 ka 8~12 白龙潭 102 m 10~15ka 6.7~10.0 注：14C. 放射性碳测年；OSL. 光释光测年；TL. 热释光测年. 
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表 3 二级和三级断裂晚第四纪水平滑动速率
Table 3. Late Quaternary horizontal slip rate of Level 2 and 3 faults
二级断裂 断裂名称 位置 位错标志体 位错量 测年方式 测年结果 水平滑动速率(mm/a) 参考文献 丽江-小金河断裂 南溪担读村 洪积扇冲沟 (31±4) m 14C (9 910±210) a 3.1±0.4 徐锡伟等(2003) 丽江盆地莲花村 洪积扇冲沟 8.6 m (2 950±115) a、(1 905±95) a 4.5±0.2 尖山营 冲沟阶地 (24.7±1.5) m (7 460±60) cal B.P. 3.32±0.22 郜宇等(2019) 理塘断裂 理塘县金厂沟口 冲沟阶地 (20±4) m TL (6.41±0.51) ka 4±1 徐锡伟等(2003) 曲江断裂 断裂沿线冲沟 冲沟位错 3.7~830 m 侵蚀速率估算 2.3~4 王洋等(2015) 三级断裂 断裂名称 位置 位错标志体 位错量 测年方式 测年结果 水平滑动速率(mm/a) 参考文献 红河断裂 Diduo村 冲沟位错 56~64 m 14C 44 279 cal a B.P. 1.45 Shi et al. (2018b) 注：14C. 放射性碳测年；TL. 热释光测年.
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