Driving Mechanism of Tectonic Evolution in Key Paleozoic Period in Tarim Basin: Constraints from Tracing of Provenance Attributes in Keping Area
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摘要: 古生代塔里木盆地多期构造格局变迁的动力来源一直是众多学者争议的焦点，特别是早古生代中晚期盆地构造格局发生急剧转变的原因.在重矿物组合分析基础上，针对塔里木盆地西北缘柯坪地区的芙蓉统至下二叠统砂岩样品进行了详细的碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究，以此厘定了柯坪地区物源体系，并刻画了该地区的沉积构造演化过程.结果表明，碎屑锆石样品记录了500~420 Ma、870~710 Ma、1 100~880 Ma、2 000~1 710 Ma、2 570~ 2 400 Ma共5期构造热事件，并以前3期年龄为主体.对比潜在物源区，芙蓉世塔里木盆地内的古隆起一直是柯坪地区重要的物源区；志留‒泥盆纪研究区的物源除了盆地古隆起外，还可能存在两个物源区，北侧物源区为塔里木克拉通北缘，南侧可能为西昆仑造山带；石炭纪‒早二叠世研究区的主物源为盆地古隆起，来自于之前地层的剥蚀.综合研究认为，在中晚奥陶世，古天山洋逐渐开始向南俯冲，在塔里木克拉通北缘形成一系列与俯冲相关的岛弧，中天山地块逐渐从塔里木克拉通分离，在两者中间逐渐形成南天山洋，一直到中晚泥盆世中天山地块才完全与塔里木克拉通分开.与此对应，由于塔里木克拉通北侧洋盆的形成和俯冲闭合，导致盆地北缘的构造属性发生多次大的转变.Abstract: The dynamic source of the Paleozoic multistage tectonic pattern changes in Tarim basin, especially the reason for the sharp change of the basin tectonic pattern in the Middle and Late Early Paleozoic, has always been the focus of controversy among many scholars. Based on the analysis of heavy mineral assemblages, in this paper it conducts a detailed U-Pb chronological study of detrital zircons from the Furongian to the Cisuralian sandstone samples in Keping area, northwest margin of Tarim basin, in order to determine the provenance system of Keping area, and describe the sedimentary tectonic evolution process of this area. The results show that the detrital zircon samples recorded five tectonic thermal events at 500-420 Ma, 870-710 Ma, 1 100-880 Ma, 2 000-1 710 Ma, and 2 570-2 400 Ma, with the previous three periods being the main age. Compared with the potential provenance areas, the palaeouplift in Tarim basin has always been an important provenance area in Keping area during the Furongian; In addition to the palaeouplift within the basin, there may also be two source areas during the Silurian to the Devonian. The northern source area is the northern margin of the Tarim craton, and the southern source area may be the West Kunlun orogenic belt. The main source of study area is the palaeouplift within the basin during the Carboniferous to the earliest Permian, which originated from the erosion of previous strata. Comprehensive research suggests that the Middle Tianshan terrane may have been connected to the Tarim craton before the Early and Middle Devonian. After this period, the Middle Tianshan terrane gradually separated from the Tarim craton, and the South Tianshan Ocean gradually formed. Correspondingly, due to the formation, subduction, closure of the ocean basin on the north side of the Tarim craton, the structural attributes of the northern margin of the basin have undergone multi-stage changes.
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Key words:
- Keping area /
- Paleozoic tectonic evolution /
- detrital zircon /
- provenance system /
- tectonic evolution /
- U-Pb /
- isotopes /
- tectonics
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图 1 柯坪地区地质简图及采样剖面
Fig. 1. Geological sketch of Keping area and the location of sampling profile
图 2 取样剖面柱状图及碎屑锆石样品位置
a.乌什城南寒武系剖面；b.柯坪水泥厂剖面(夏维书，杨云龙，张桂权，等，2002. 阿图什至柯坪地区古生界至新生界露头区石油地质综合研究报告)；c.四石厂剖面(据周志毅等, 2001, 有修改)；d.乌什城南石炭系剖面(据张师本和高琴琴, 1992, 有修改)
Fig. 2. Histograms of sampling profile and location of detrital zircon samples
图 3 碎屑锆石样品正交偏光显微图像
a. G8；b. G7；c. G4；d. KPSDK-4；e. G3；f. WSP1-12-1；Qm. 单晶石英；Qp. 多晶石英；K. 钾长石；P. 斜长石；Lv. (变质)结晶岩岩屑；Ls. (变质)沉积岩岩屑
Fig. 3. Orthogonal polarized microscopic images of detrital zircon samples
图 4 样品碎屑重矿物含量比例
Fig. 4. Proportion of heavy minerals in sandstone samples from the Keping area
图 5 碎屑锆石U-Pb谐和曲线和年龄谱图
Fig. 5. Concordia plots, histograms and relative probablity plots of detrital zircon U-Pb ages
图 6 碎屑锆石Th/U比值分布
a. G8；b.G7；c.G4；d.KPSDK-4；e.G3；f.WSP1-12-1
Fig. 6. Th/U plots of detrital zircons from the samples
图 7 典型碎屑锆石CL图像
CL图标示了原位测试点(圆圈直径为32 μm)，下方数字为测试点号和U-Pb表面年龄
Fig. 7. Typical CL images of detrital zircons
图 8 样品与潜在物源区年龄对比
a~g.本文样品；h~m依次郭春涛等(2017)、Ma et al.(2012a，2012b)、Rojas-Agramonte(2014)、郭春涛等(2017, 2019)；h、l、m为相应单位的结晶岩年龄谱，i~k为中天山地块的碎屑锆石年龄谱
Fig. 8. Comparison of the ages between the samples and possible source areas
图 9 塔里木克拉通北缘、中天山地块古生代构造演化模式简图
Fig. 9. Paleozoic tectonic evolution model of northern margin of Tarim craton and Middle Tianshan terrain
表 1 重矿物样品采样剖面及时代
Table 1. Sampling profiles and ages of heavy mineral samples
样品 取样剖面 层位 岩性 时代 G8 四石厂剖面 康克林组底部 细砂岩 早二叠世 G7 乌什城南石炭系剖面 索格当他乌组下部 中细砂岩 晚石炭世 G6 乌什城南石炭系剖面 乌什组顶部 中细砂岩 早石炭世 G5 乌什城南石炭系剖面 乌什组底部 中细砂岩 早石炭世 KPSDK-5 水泥厂剖面 克兹尔塔格组 中细砂岩 早中泥盆世 KPSDK-4 水泥厂剖面 克兹尔塔格组 中细砂岩 早中泥盆世 KPSDK-3 水泥厂剖面 克兹尔塔格组 中细砂岩 早中泥盆世 KPSDK-2 水泥厂剖面 克兹尔塔格组 中细砂岩 早中泥盆世 KPSDK-1 水泥厂剖面 克兹尔塔格组 细砂岩 早中泥盆世 WSP2-5-1 乌什城南石炭系剖面 柯坪塔格组 中细砂岩 早志留世 WSP2-4-1 乌什城南石炭系剖面 柯坪塔格组 中细砂岩 早志留世 DWG-SK-4 大湾沟剖面 柯坪塔格组 细砂岩 早志留世 DWG-SK-3 大湾沟剖面 柯坪塔格组 细砂岩 早志留世 DWG-SK-2 大湾沟剖面 柯坪塔格组 中细砂岩 早志留世 WSP1-11-2 乌什城南寒武系剖面 下丘里塔格组顶部 细砂岩 芙蓉世 
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表 2 碎屑锆石样品采样位置及时代
Table 2. Sampling locations and ages of detrital zircon samples
样品 剖面 层位 时代 岩性 GPS 北纬 东经 G8 四石厂剖面 康克林组 早二叠世 细砂岩 40°49′39" 79°50′12" G7 乌什城南石炭系剖面 索格当他乌组 晚石炭世 中细砂岩 41°07′11" 79°17′28" G4 乌什城南石炭系剖面 蒙达勒克组 早石炭世 细砂岩 41°09′15" 79°14′45" KPSDK-4 柯坪水泥厂 克兹尔塔格组 早中泥盆世 中细砂岩 40°33′29" 78°56′56" G3 乌什城南石炭系剖面 柯坪塔格组 早志留世 细砂岩 41°09′03" 79°14′31" WSP1-12-1 乌什城南寒武系剖面 下丘里塔格组 芙蓉世 细砂岩 41°11′41" 79°26′50"
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表 3 柯坪地区砂岩重矿物统计(体积百分比)
Table 3. Statistics of heavy minerals of sandstone samples in Keping area (volume percentage)
样品 锆石 金红石 白钛石 锐钛矿 钛铁矿 电气石 方铅矿 重晶石 磷灰石 石榴石 辉石 取样剖面 层位 G8 75.9 1.6 6.5 0.4 / 11.6 / 4 / / / 四石厂 康克林组 G7 72.3 3.2 11.1 0.8 / 12.7 / / / / / 乌什县城南 索格当他乌组 G6 69.9 1.7 6.5 4.1 / 17.6 / / 0.2 / / 乌什县城南 乌什组顶 G5 68 7.3 0.9 1.2 / 4 / 18.6 / / / 乌什县城南 乌什组底 KPSDK-5 46.7 3.3 3.3 / / 3.3 / / 40 / 3.3 水泥厂 克兹尔塔格组 KPSDK-4 53.5 1.2 1.2 37.2 / 2.3 1.2 / / / 3.5 水泥厂 克兹尔塔格组 KPSDK-3 41.5 3.8 13.2 5.7 / 15.1 15.1 / 5.7 / / 水泥厂 克兹尔塔格组 KPSDK-2 30.8 2.2 12.1 6.6 / 8.8 13.2 / 26.4 / / 水泥厂 克兹尔塔格组 KPSDK-1 56.4 5.1 5.1 7.7 / 10.3 / / 15.4 / / 水泥厂 克兹尔塔格组 WSP2-5-1 40 10 5 10 / 20 / 5 10 / / 乌什县城南 柯坪塔格组 WSP2-4-1 27.3 9.1 4.5 9.1 4.5 9.1 2.3 27.3 4.5 / 2.3 乌什县城南 柯坪塔格组 DWG-SK-4 57.3 7.9 4.5 11.2 1.1 15.7 2.2 / / / / 大湾沟 柯坪塔格组 DWG-SK-3 39.8 5.7 3.4 1.1 / 27.3 0.1 / 9.1 12.5 1 大湾沟 柯坪塔格组 DWG-SK-2 15.9 1.6 3.2 1.6 1.6 17.5 / / 27 23.8 7.9 大湾沟 柯坪塔格组 WSP1-11-2 8 4.6 9.1 4.6 / 5.7 3.4 60.5 3.4 / 0.7 乌什县城南 下丘里塔格组顶
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