Fractal Dimension Identification Method of Fractures in Igneous Buried Hill Based on Mechanical Layer Division
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摘要: 火成岩潜山油气藏已成为海上油气增储上产的新领域，具有广阔的勘探和开发前景. 琼东南盆地潜山气藏受到多期岩浆侵入影响，岩石结构复杂多变，储集空间分布具极强的非均质性，利用测井曲线识别裂缝的难度增大. 针对火成岩潜山测井识别裂缝面临的难题，利用壁心、薄片、成像测井、常规测井等资料分析了火成岩潜山裂缝特征和测井响应规律；运用经典的岩石弹性参数计算模型建立了岩石力学剖面，根据井剖面纵向力学性质差异划分岩石力学层；引入反映岩石稳定性的岩石力学评价模型，采用曲线波动分形维变原理，通过力学层划分约束消除岩性变化干扰对火成岩潜山裂缝进行识别. 研究结果表明：潜山裂缝的发育具有明显的岩性选择偏向，二长花岗岩中发育的裂缝开度最大，保留了较多的开启裂缝，岩石性质变化易造成裂缝分布差异，从而导致密度和波速变化；纵横波时差比与光电吸收截面交会分析可以最大程度的区分大部分较发育的裂缝和绝大部分极发育的裂缝；在力学层段划分的基础上，分段识别天然裂缝能提高火成岩潜山裂缝识别效果，与成像测井中溶蚀缝+高导缝段的识别符合率为85%；潜山顶部常发育溶蚀孔隙型储层，其裂缝越发育、变尺度分形维数（HF）越大，裂缝有效性越好，属于本区储渗性能最有利的储层发育带. 该方法能够解决常规资料识别潜山裂缝的难题，可对潜山气藏的有效开发提供指导依据.Abstract: Igneous buried⁃hill oil and gas reservoir has become a new field for increasing reserves and production, which has broad exploration and development prospects. The burial⁃hill gas reservoir in Qiongdongnan Basin is affected by multi⁃stage magma intrusion, the rock structure is complex and varied, the reservoir space distribution is highly heterogeneous, and it is difficult to identify fractures by logging curves.In view of the difficult problem of identifying fractures in igneous rock buried hill logging, the fracture characteristics and logging response rules are analyzed by using the data of core, thin section, imaging logging and conventional logging. The classical rock elastic parameter calculation model is used to establish the rock mechanics section, and the rock mechanics layer is divided according to the difference of the longitudinal mechanical properties of the well section. The rock mechanics evaluation model reflecting rock stability is introduced, and the fractal dimension principle of curve fluctuation is adopted to identify the fractures in buried hills of igneous rocks by the constraint of mechanical layer division to eliminate the interference of lithology change. The results show that the development of fractures in buriedhill has obvious lithology selection bias, and the fractures developed in monzonitic granite have the largest opening degree and retain more open fractures. The change of rock properties is easy to cause the difference of fracture distribution, which leads to the change of density and wave velocity. The cross analysis of the ratio of P⁃wave to S⁃wave time difference and photoelectric absorption cross section can distinguish most of the more developed cracks and most of the more developed fractures to the greatest extent. On the basis of mechanical interval division, segmented identification of natural fractures can improve the identification effect of buried hill fractures, and the identification coincidence rate is 85% with that of dissolution fractures + high conductivity fractures in imaging logging, which can meet the research needs and provide guidance for the effective development of buried hill gas reservoirs.
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图 3 研究区储集空间发育特征镜下照片
a. YE⁃1，3 064 m，正长花岗岩，晶内溶孔（⁃）；b. YE⁃1，3 060 m，粘土化花岗岩，粒间溶蚀孔（⁃）；c. YE⁃1，2 982 m，正长花岗岩，铸模孔（⁃）；d. YE⁃1，3 006 m，流纹岩，基质溶孔（⁃）；e. YE⁃2，3 367 m，二长花岗岩，构造破碎，破碎物充填，铁方解石不完全充填（⁃）；f. YE⁃3，2 833 m，花岗斑岩，构造裂缝，宽度较小，斑晶内溶蚀孔发育（⁃）；g. YE⁃2，3 483 m，二长花岗岩，构造裂隙发育，裂缝宽度较大，微斜长石表面相对洁净（⁃）；h. 描述同g，（+）；i. YE⁃3，2 860 m，花岗闪长岩，长石溶孔，长石风化深（⁃）；j：YE⁃2，3 356.3 m，二长花岗岩，风化溶蚀裂缝（⁃）；k. YE⁃3，花岗闪长岩，构造缝、溶蚀缝、溶蚀孔（⁃）；l. YE⁃1，3 024 m，内幕带，构造缝被方解石充填（⁃）
Fig. 3. The characteristics of reservoir space development in the study area
图 4 YE⁃1井2 931~2 938 m天然裂缝和微断层成像测井成果图
Fig. 4. Natural fractures and microtomography logging results of 2 931 ~ 2 938m in well YE⁃1
图 5 研究区成像测井裂缝走向分布图
a.YE⁃2井裂缝走向玫瑰花图；b.YE⁃3井裂缝走向玫瑰花图；c.YE⁃4井裂缝走向玫瑰花图；d.风化带裂缝走向玫瑰花图；e.内幕带裂缝走向玫瑰花图
Fig. 5. Rose chart of fracture strike in the study area
图 6 不同裂缝发育程度的储层段测井曲线交会图
a. 自然伽马与密度交会图；b. 光电吸收截面与纵波时差交会图；c. 中子孔隙度与深浅侧向电阻率差交会图；d. 光电吸收截面与横纵波时差比交会图
Fig. 6. Cross plot of logging curves of different fracture development degrees
图 9 YE⁃2井各力学层段的动弹参数分布
a. A类力学层的动态泊松比分布直方图；b. A类力学层的动态弹性模量分布直方图；c. B类力学层的动态泊松比分布直方图；d. B类力学层的动态弹性模量分布直方图；e. C类力学层的动态泊松比分布直方图；f. C类力学层的动态弹性模量分布直方图
Fig. 9. Distribution of dynamic parameters of each mechanical interval in well YE⁃2
图 10 YE⁃2井基于斯伦贝尔比曲线的变尺度分形维变裂缝识别对比图
a.A类力学层的分形维变裂缝识别；b. B类力学层的分形维变裂缝识别；c. C类力学层的分形维变裂缝识别
Fig. 10. Comparison diagram of fracture⁃identification with variable⁃scale fractal dimension in well YE⁃2 based on Schlumber curve
图 11 YE⁃3井分形变形维变裂缝识别结果与成像测井裂缝密度对比剖面图
Fig. 11. Contrast profile between the recognition results of fractal deformation dimension and the fracture
图 12 永乐e区变尺度分形维数（HF）裂缝概率差分剖面
Fig. 12. Variable scale fractal dimension (HF) probability fracture interpolation profile in Yongle e area
图 13 永乐e区火成岩岩石锆石测年结果对比图
Fig. 13. Comparison of zircon dating results of igneous rocks in Yongle e Area
表 1 研究区潜山储集空间类型及特征
Table 1. Types and characteristics of buried hill reservoir space in the study area
储集空间类型 作用机制 形成机制 特征 孔隙 晶内溶蚀孔 溶解作用 矿物晶体部分被溶解、水解形成的孔隙 孔隙形态不规则，连通性不好 基质溶蚀孔 基质中的胶结物被溶蚀形成的孔隙 细小的筛状孔，具有一定的连通性 铸模孔 矿物晶体完全溶解、水解形成的孔隙 多发育于解理发育的矿物晶体内，孔隙连通性差 粒间溶蚀孔 矿物晶体边缘或沿裂缝边缘被溶蚀所形成的孔隙 形状不规则，孔隙发育较大，连通性好 裂缝 构造裂缝 构造作用 火成岩成岩后受到构造应力作用产生的裂缝 有的早期裂缝被充填，晚期未被充填，切割矿物颗粒，连通性好，是很好的油气运移通道 构造-溶蚀缝 构造作用
溶解作用早期形成的构造裂缝后经溶蚀改造扩大形成有效的储集空间 保留原有的裂缝形态，溶蚀构造裂缝，不规则不平直，相交处形成溶蚀孔，连通性好 网状溶蚀缝 构造作用
风化作用
溶解作用风化壳受风化和构造作用产生的破碎岩石受到上部大气水淋滤作用，形成复杂的网状裂缝和溶蚀孔隙相半生的有效储集空间 裂缝形态呈网状，溶蚀构造裂缝，连通性好 
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