Geochemical Characterization of Hematite in Haidewula Uranium Deposit of East Kunlun Orogenic Belt and Its Implication for Mineralizing Fluids
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摘要: 海德乌拉铀矿床位于东昆仑造山带南昆仑带内，是我国在青藏高原地区厘定的首个与火山岩有关的独立铀矿床.前人已对该矿床成矿特征进行初步研究，而对矿床成矿流体与脉石矿物的研究较少.赤铁矿广泛存在于各种铀矿床中，与铀成矿关系密切.本文选取海德乌拉铀矿床赤铁矿为研究对象，开展岩相学和矿物化学特征研究，探讨赤铁矿对海德乌拉铀矿床成矿流体来源和性质的指示，为矿床的成因认识和下一步找矿勘查提供理论依据.研究结果表明，成矿期前面状赤铁矿是碱交代和空洞效应共同作用下形成的；成矿期团块状赤铁矿则由强氧化的成矿热液与黄铁矿和围岩中的Fe2+发生反应形成，这种氧化还原作用对成矿环境的氧化性进行制约，使成矿流体氧化性降低，导致沥青铀矿沉淀成矿；海德乌拉铀矿床赤铁矿形成时的流体具有大气降水和幔源流体混合的特征，幔源流体可能与三叠纪辉绿岩岩浆活动有关；海德乌拉铀矿床赤铁矿形成时的流体为高氧逸度富Cl-流体，并随流体与围岩反应，流体由富Cl-偏酸性流体逐步向偏碱性流体转变；海德乌拉赤铁矿中U⁃Mo⁃W同步富集说明了矿床成矿物质可能主要源自于寄主长英质火山岩.Abstract: The Haidewula uranium deposit is located in the South Kunlun Belt of the East Kunlun orogenic belt and represents the first independent volcanic-related uranium deposit in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau of China. While previous studies have examined the mineralization characteristics of the deposits, there has been preliminarily studied by predecessors, but the ore-forming fluid and gangue minerals of the deposit have been poorly limited research on the ore-forming fluids and gangue minerals. Hematite, which is commonly found in various uranium deposits, is closely associated with uranium mineralization. This research focuses on studying the petrographic and mineral chemical characteristics of hematite in the Haidewula uranium deposit to investigate its implications for the source and nature of the ore-forming fluid. The aim is to provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the genesis of the Haidewula deposit and guide future prospecting and exploration efforts. The findings reveal that fissure-filled hematite in the early stage of mineralization is formed through alkali alteration and cavitation effect. The mineralization clumpy hematite in the metallogenic period is a result of the reaction between strongly oxidized metallogenic hydrothermal fluids and Fe2+ in pyrite and surrounding rock. This reaction restricts the oxidation of the mineralizing environment, reduces the oxidation of the mineralizing fluid, and leads to the precipitation of pitchblende. The ore-forming fluid during the formation of hematite in the Haidewula uranium deposit exhibits characteristics of a mixing of meteoric water and mantle-derived fluid. The mantle-derived fluid may have a connection with Triassic diabase magmatic activity. The fluid during the hematite formation is a high oxygen fugacity Cl- rich fluid, which gradually changes from a Cl- rich acidic fluid to an alkaline fluid through reactions with the surrounding rock. The simultaneous enrichment of U-Mo-W in Haidewula hematite suggests that the ore-forming materials in the deposit may primarily originate from the host felsic volcanic rock.
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Key words:
- hematite genesis /
- Haidewula uranium deposit /
- ore-forming fluid /
- ore genesis /
- geochemistry
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图 1 东昆仑造山带构造简图(a, 改自Dong et al., 2018)和海德乌拉火山岩区地质简图(b, 改自雷勇亮等，2021)
Fig. 1. Simplified tectonic map of the East Kunlun orogenic belt (a, modified from Dong et al., 2018) and simplified geological map of Haidewula volcanic rock area (b, modified from Lei et al., 2021)
图 2 海德乌拉铀矿床地质简图(改自李彦强等，2021)
Fig. 2. Simplified geological map of Haidewula uranium deposit (modified from Li et al., 2021)
图 3 海德乌拉铀矿床Ⅱ号带16号勘探线剖面示意图(改自李彦强等，2021)
Fig. 3. The exploration section map of Line 16 in Zone Ⅱ in the Haidewula uranium deposit (modified from Li et al., 2021)
图 5 海德乌拉铀矿床蚀变、矿化岩石特征
a.黄铜矿化矿石；b.伊利石化矿石；c.钾长石化-面状赤铁矿化-黄铁矿化矿石；d.钾长石化-面状赤铁矿化-团块状赤铁矿化-黄铁矿化矿石；e.隐爆角砾岩型富铀矿石；f.粉色碳酸盐化-紫黑色萤石化矿石；g.粉色碳酸盐化-紫黑色萤石化矿石；h.紫色萤石化矿石；i.白色碳酸盐化矿石；Ccp.黄铜矿；Ill.利石；Kfs.长石化；Py.铁矿；Hem1.矿期前面状赤铁矿；Hem2.矿期脉状赤铁矿；Pit.青铀矿；Fl1.黑色萤石；Fl2.色萤石；Cal1.色方解石；Cal2.方解石
Fig. 5. Alteration and mineralized rock characteristics in the Haidewula uranium deposit
图 6 海德乌拉铀矿床赤铁矿显微特征
a，d~i.背散射电子图像，c~d.反射光境下照片.Hem⁃1.微板状赤铁矿；Hem⁃2a.肾状、鲕状赤铁矿；Hem⁃2b.多孔状赤铁矿；Py.黄铁矿；Cal.方解石；Kfs.钾长石化；Fl.萤石；Pit⁃1.星点状沥青铀矿；Pit⁃2.脉状沥青铀矿
Fig. 6. Hematite micro⁃photograph of the Haidewula uranium deposit
图 7 海德乌拉铀矿床ZK1601钻孔柱状图及赤铁矿采样位置
资料来源于青海省核工业地质局（内部资料）
Fig. 7. Simplified drillhole logs of ZK1601 in the Haidewula uranium deposit and hematite sampling location
图 10 海德乌拉铀矿床赤铁矿微量元素散点图
Fig. 10. Scatter plots of trace elements of hematite in the Haidewula uranium deposit
图 11 海德乌拉铀矿床赤铁矿球粒陨石标准化REE配分模式对比
数据来源：志留纪粗安岩-粗面岩（李彦强等，2021）；三叠纪辉绿岩（孙立强等，2024）；志留纪流纹岩（雷勇亮等，2021）；热液成因赤铁矿MB68（Keyser et al.，2018）
Fig. 11. Chondrite⁃normalized REE patterns of hematite in the Haidewula uranium deposit
图 8 海德乌拉铀矿床赤铁矿主量元素对比箱图
Hem⁃1.成矿前期面状赤铁矿；Hem⁃2.成矿期团块状赤铁矿
Fig. 8. Box whisker plots of main elements of hematite in the Haidewula uranium deposit
图 12 赤铁矿热液判别图解
a.Ni⁃Zn⁃Co图；b.Co/Zn⁃Co+Ni+Cu图；c.Co+Ni⁃As+Cu+Mo+Pb+V+Zn图；底图据Oksuz and Kocak（2016）
Fig. 12. Hydrothermal discriminant diagrams of hematite
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