Key Geological Issues and Innovation Directions in Deep-Time Source-to-Sink System of Continental Rift Basins
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摘要: 依托洋陆边缘第四纪以来的解剖经验，源-汇系统研究已对陆相裂陷盆地开展深时探索实践，是当前国际沉积学研究的前沿领域，其中，涉及源-汇系统研究尺度与级次、物源区地貌演化与沉积碎屑产出、路径系统信号传递与示踪、多因素联合控制沉积-层序发育等关键问题亟待解决.针对上述问题，提出了火山作用改造沉积序列、古气候-植被群落调控风化效能、形态学与物源供给响应关联、路径系统交互模型预测、古水深-水动力制约砂体分散、正演模拟恢复源-汇过程及碳酸盐岩溶解质源-汇响应等潜在的革新方向，以期解决陆相裂陷盆地深时多驱动因素、多交互介质影响下沉积通量拾取及平衡恢复问题.此外，建议从多学科交叉融合及深时大数据系统多要素构建两方面拓展中国特色陆相深时源-汇系统研究内涵，服务能源矿产勘探预测.Abstract: The deep-time source-to-sink system in continental rift basins is a cutting-edge research topic in sedimentology and has been attempted by building on the research experience on the Quaternary ocean-land margins. Four key geological issues are raised, namely the research scale or level of the source-to-sink system, geomorphologic evolution and sediment output in the catchment, signal propagation and modification through the sediment routing system, and multifactorial joint control of sedimentary-stratigraphic development in the basin. In light of these issues, it proposes that the potential innovations might emerge from the research fields of volcanism-modified sedimentary sequences, palaeoclimate-vegetation community-regulated weathering efficacy, the relationship between catchment geomorphology and sediment supply, prediction of sediment routing system interaction models, paleo water depth-hydrodynamics constraints on sandstone dispersal, forward modeling to restore source-to-sink processes, and source-to-sink response of carbonate dissolved matter. By doing so, it hopes that the problems of sediment-flux pickup and balance restoration under the influence of multiple driving factors and interacting media in the continental deep-time rift basins can be effectively solved. In addition, it suggests that multi-disciplinary cross-integration and multi-element construction of deep-time big data system are two key directions for expanding the research connotation of continental deep-time source-to-sink system with Chinese characteristic and serving the exploration and prediction of energy minerals.
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图 1 源-汇系统国内外近十年发表文章统计(基于SCI与CNKI数据库)
Fig. 1. Statistics of source-to-sink system research publications over the past decade (based on SCI and CNKI databases)
图 2 断层下盘物源区河道-边坡耦合及沉积物产出示意图(据Attal et al., 2015修改)
Fig. 2. Channel-hillslope coupling and sediment production in a typical footwall catchment (modified from Attal et al., 2015)
图 3 沉积物通量信号在沉积物路径系统中传递过程示意图(据Hodgson et al., 2018修改)
Fig. 3. Diagrammatic representation of sediment flux signal transmission in the sediment routing system (modified from Hodgson et al., 2018)
图 4 渤海海域西南部沙垒田凸起与埕子口凸起联合供源区沙河街组滩坝沉积体物质转换及响应模式(据Liu et al., 2023修改)
Fig. 4. Material transformation and response model of beach bar sediments of Shahejie Formation in the joint provenance area of Shaleitian uplift and Chengzikou uplift in the southwestern Bohai Sea (modified from Liu et al., 2023)
图 5 南海北部低纬度带裂陷盆地气候-植被群落风化及机械-物理风化过程模式
Fig. 5. Climate-vegetation community weathering and mechanical-physical weathering process model of the rift basin in the low-latitude belt of the northern South China Sea
图 6 断层下盘物源区对构造隆升响应的综合示意图(据Whittaker, 2012修改)
Fig. 6. A schematic diagram showing a fault-bounded catchment responding to slip rate increase (modified from Whittaker, 2012)
图 7 沉积物路径系统模型示意图(据Malkowski et al., 2022修改)
Fig. 7. Schematic diagrams of sediment routing system (modified from Malkowski et al., 2022)
图 8 逆蒙特卡洛算法下混源算法逻辑示意图(据Sundell and Saylor, 2017)
Fig. 8. Schematic diagrams of the mixed-source algorithm under the inverse Monte Carlo algorithm (modified from Sundell and Saylor, 2017)
图 9 南海北部裂陷盆地季风环流-水深-水动力三元作用模型及其改造砂体响应关系
Fig. 9. Monsoon circulation-water depth-hydrodynamic three-dimensional model and its reworked sandstone response in the continental rift basin of northern South China Sea
图 10 咸化湖盆碳酸盐岩沉积源-汇概念模式(据Bouton et al., 2020修改)
Fig. 10. Source-to-sink conceptual model carbonate deposits in saline lacustrine basin (modified from Bouton et al., 2020)
表 1 气候条件、植被群落及基岩组合风化剥蚀效能(mm/a, 据Larsen et al., 2023修改)
Table 1. Weathering and denudation efficiency of climatic conditions, vegetation community and bedrock combination(mm/a, modified from Larsen et al., 2023)
气候 植被群落 花岗岩类 花岗岩 花岗
闪长岩石英
二长岩石英二长
闪长岩碱长
花岗岩正长
花岗岩二长
花岗岩热带 针叶-阔叶混交林 1.560 1.591 1.565 1.431 1.323 1.435 1.330 落叶阔叶林 1.521 1.556 1.524 1.398 1.289 1.378 1.264 针叶林 1.437 1.445 1.441 1.387 1.347 1.413 1.378 混合落叶针叶-阔叶林 1.122 1.121 1.123 1.113 1.107 1.136 1.132 草本植物 1.062 1.060 1.062 1.060 1.060 1.074 1.078 落叶阔叶-阔叶林 0.994 0.992 0.994 0.999 1.004 1.004 1.010 
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