Background Characteristics of Ecological Geological Environment System in Qinling Mountains and Assumption of Its Theoretical System
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摘要: 生态文明建设已成为关系人民福祉和民族未来的重大战略任务.秦岭作为中国地理分界带、气候分区带和生态屏障带，也是黄河、长江的重要水源涵养地，其生态屏障功能对维系整个中国生态安全至关重要，在我国生态地质格局中占据重要地位.但目前，在气候变化和人类活动的影响下，秦岭面临着地质环境多变、生态环境脆弱、地质灾害频发、人地系统不协调等一系列问题，导致秦岭中央生态屏障功能严重受限.生态地质环境作为生态系统载体，是开展秦岭生态保护与可持续发展研究的基础.本文尝试梳理秦岭生态地质环境系统要素组成及本底特征，掌握秦岭生态地质环境系统要素互馈与协同演进关系，明确秦岭生态损害-土水灾害-地质灾害递进演化过程，进而构建秦岭生态地质环境系统研究体系；同时，初步梳理了该领域亟待攻克五大关键科学问题.研究表明：(1)秦岭生态地质环境本底特征要素包括山体、岩体、土体、水体与林体，“五体”整体表现为：山脉西高东低、北陡南缓；构造复杂，岩性多样；土壤西贫瘠，东肥沃；北属黄河水系，南属长江水系，水系西疏东密；植被覆盖率高，植被类型差异东西较南北更为显著.(2)秦岭人地互馈强烈、工程建设活动频繁，导致局地生态损害严重，水土灾害及地质灾害频发.(3)秦岭生态地质环境系统由地质环境子系统、生态环境子系统和灾害环境子系统所组成，三大子系统间相互耦合、相互作用，互馈关系显著.(4)秦岭地质环境-生态环境-灾害环境三大子系统内要素组成多元、要素互馈显著，围绕各子系统要素间的互馈、协同、递进关系研究，剖析人类活动及外界环境对系统干扰劣化影响，构成了秦岭生态地质环境系统研究体系主体内容.(5)秦岭生态地质环境应把握生态绿色发展理念，聚焦生态地质安全和灾害环境系统问题，围绕秦岭林体-土体-岩体-山体-水体协同演化与动态调控机制，通过跨学科、多角度、全方位融合突破相关科学问题.研究以期为秦岭生态地质环境圈层互馈效应、协同演化机制及生态调控技术发展研究提供借鉴.Abstract: The construction of ecological civilization has become a major strategic task related to the well-being of the people and the future of the nation. As China's geographic boundary zone, climate zoning zone and ecological barrier zone, Qinling Mountain is also an important water conservation area of the Yellow River and Yangtze River. Its ecological barrier function is crucial to maintain the ecological security of the whole China and plays an important role in China's ecological geological pattern. However, under the influence of climate change and human activities, the Qinling Mountain is faced with a series of problems, such as changeable geological environment, fragile ecological environment, frequent geological disasters, and disharmony between human and land systems, which lead to the serious limitation of the central ecological barrier function. As the carrier of ecological system, Qinling ecological geological environment is the basic research work of Qinling ecological protection and sustainable development. In this paper it attempts to sort out the composition and background characteristics of the elements of the ecological geological environment system in the Qinling Mountain, grasp the mutual feeding and synergistic evolution relationship of the elements of the ecological geological environment system in the Qinling Mountain, define the progressive evolution process of ecological damage, soil and water disasters and geological disasters in the Qinling Mountain, and then build the research system of the ecological geological environment system in the Qinling Mountain. At the same time, it preliminarily puts forward five key scientific problems that need to be solved in the future in this field. The research shows follows. (1) The background characteristic elements of Qinling ecological geological environment include mountain, rock mass, soil mass, water body and forest. The overall performance of the "five bodies" is: the mountains are high in the west and low in the east, steep in the north and gentle in the south. Complex structure and diverse lithology. The soil is barren in the west and fertile in the east. It belongs to the Yellow River system in the north and the Yangtze River system in the south. The water system is sparse in the west and dense in the east. The difference of vegetation types between east and west is large, while the difference between north and south is small, and the overall vegetation coverage is high. (2) Qinling Mountain has a strong interaction between human and land. The engineering construction projects crisscross, local ecological damage is serious, and water and soil disasters and geological disasters occur frequently. (3) Qinling ecogeological environment system is composed of geological environment subsystem, ecological environment subsystem and disaster environment subsystem. The three subsystems are coupled and interacted with each other, and the relationship between them is significant. (4) The elements in the three subsystems of Qinling geological environment, ecological environment and disaster environment are rich in composition, and the elements feed each other significantly. The complex mutual feed, coordination and progressive relationship between and within the subsystems and human activities jointly build the research system of Qinling ecological geological environment system. (5) The ecological geological environment of the Qinling Mountain should grasp the concept of ecological green priority and green development, focus on the problems of ecological geological security and disaster environmental system, and implement interdisciplinary, multi angle, and all-round integration to solve the related problems that need to be solved urgently in the future around the collaborative evolution law and dynamic regulation mechanism of forest soil rock mass mountain water body in the Qinling Mountain. The study is expected to provide basic reference and reference for the research on the mutual feeding effect of the Qinling ecological geological environment circle, the mechanism of co evolution and the subsequent development of ecological control technology.
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图 1 秦岭空间地理位置示意图
资料来源：据星球研究所《秦岭，因何伟大？》，笔者改绘
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of spatial geographic location of the Qinling Mountains
图 2 山地生态地质环境系统中水体-林体-土体-岩体-山体互馈关系
Fig. 2. Interaction relationship among water, forest, soil, rock and mountain of mountain eco-geological environment system
图 3 秦岭(陕西段)山体分布状况及代表性山脉
Fig. 3. Distribution of mountains and representative mountains of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi section
图 4 秦岭(陕西段)地层岩性分布
Fig. 4. Stratigraphic and lithological distribution map of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi section
图 5 秦岭(陕西段)林体空间分布及植被型组图
Fig. 5. Forest spatial distribution and vegetation type composition of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi section
图 6 秦岭周边代表性水系分布图
Fig. 6. Distribution of representative water systems around the Qinling Mountains
图 7 秦岭生态地质环境系统组成及内生关系示意图
Fig. 7. Diagram of compositions and their relationships of the ecological geological environment system in the Qinling Mountains
图 8 秦岭生态地质环境系统研究体系及子系统作用关系(部分图片来源于网络)
Fig. 8. Composition of the ecological geological environment system and its subsystem correlations in the Qinling Mountains
图 9 秦岭生态地质环境研究关键科学问题
Fig. 9. Main research contents of ecological geological environment system in the Qinling Mountains
图 10 秦岭“五体”互馈关系与协同演进
Fig. 10. The mutual feed relationship and cooperative evolution of the "five bodies" in the Qinling Mountains
图 11 秦岭生态损害-土水灾害-地质灾害递进演化
Fig. 11. Progressive evolution of ecological damage, soil and water disaster and geological disaster in the Qinling Mountains
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