Study on Groundwater Dynamics and Its Relationship with Land Subsidence in Turpan Basin
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摘要: 地面沉降的发生、发展已成为一种全球性的地质灾害.基于多年地下水位、水质和地面沉降监测数据，综合运用GIS技术、逻辑斯谛曲线模型、线性趋势分析和灰色关联分析等方法，从空间水平向-垂向-点的角度探究地下水位动态与地面沉降的关系，最后讨论了地面沉降对地下水水质的影响.研究区地下水动态类型包括开采型、水文-灌溉型和灌溉型，2019—2022年地下水位整体呈快速下降和缓慢下降趋势，年均速率范围为-0.97~-0.25 m·a-1. 截至2021年，南盆地高昌区东南方向大型地面沉降漏斗中心地面沉降量与沉降速率分别为-366 mm和-140 mm·a-1. 承压水位降落漏斗与地面沉降漏斗耦合度良好，深层承压水位与地面沉降量呈显著正相关（r=1.00），且在逻辑斯谛曲线模型中近似呈线性关系. 深层承压水监测井的地面沉降量与地下水SO42-含量显著正相关（r=0.95）. 长期过度开采深层承压水用于农业灌溉，导致黏土压缩固结出现地面沉降漏斗，同时可能释放出部分SO42-进入深层承压含水层.Abstract: The occurrence and development of land subsidence has become a global geological disaster. Based on the monitoring data of groundwater level, groundwater quality and land subsidence for years, the relationship between groundwater level dynamics and land subsidence was explored from the perspective of spatial horizontal-vertical-point by using GIS technology, Logistic curve model, linear trend analysis and grey correlation analysis. Finally, the influence of land subsidence on groundwater quality was discussed. The groundwater dynamic types in the study area included exploitation type, hydrologic-irrigation type and irrigation type, and the groundwater level showed a rapid and slow decline trend from 2019 to 2022, the average annual rate ranges from -0.97 m·a-1 to -0.25 m·a-1. By 2021, the amount and rate of land subsidence in the center of large land subsidence cone in the southeast direction of Gaochang district in the South Turpan Basin were -366 mm and -140 mm·a-1, respectively. There was a good coupling between the confined groundwater level depression cone and land subsidence cone, and there was a significant positive correlation between the deep confined groundwater level and the land subsidence (r=1.00), and the relationship was approximately linear in the Logical curve model. There was a significant positive correlation between the land subsidence and SO42- content in groundwater (r=0.95). Long-term over-exploitation of deep confined groundwater for agriculture irrigation results in compaction and consolidation of clay resulting in the land subsidence cone, and part of the released SO42- may enter deep confined aquifers.
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图 1 吐鲁番盆地土地利用与地下水监测井分布(a)和水文地质图(b)与水文地质剖面图(c)
c. 改自陈鲁（2014）
Fig. 1. Land use and groundwater monitoring wells distribution (a), hydrogeological map (b), hydrogeological profile (c) in the Turpan Basin
图 2 典型监测井G110(a)、G219(b)、G227(c)、G105(d)、G228(e)、G226(f)地下水位年内、年际动态
Fig. 2. Intra-year and inter-year dynamics of groundwater level in typical monitoring wells G110(a)、G219(b)、G227(c)、G105(d)、G228(e)、G226(f)
图 3 吐鲁番盆地单一结构潜水-承压水(a)、承压水区潜水(b)水位变幅分区与地下水动态类型
Fig. 3. Variation zone of groundwater level and groundwater dynamic type of single structure unconfined-confined groundwater(a), unconfined groundwater in confined area (b) in Turpan Basin
图 4 吐鲁番盆地平原区2017—2021年地面累积沉降量(a)与平均沉降速率(b)分布
Fig. 4. Distribution of cumulative land subsidence (a) and the average land subsidence rate (b) from 2017 to 2021 in the plain area ofTurpan Basin
图 5 重点沉降区地下水流场与沉降空间分布[潜水(a)、承压水(b)]
Fig. 5. Distribution of groundwater flow field and cumulative land subsidence in the key land subsidence area[unconfined groundwater (a) confined groundwater (b)]
图 6 典型监测井地下水位与地面沉降时序变化图[G220(a)、G226(b)]
Fig. 6. Temporal changes of groundwater level and land subsidence in typical monitoring wells [G220(a), G226(b)]
图 7 监测井G226深层承压水位与地面沉降相关关系[Logistic(a)、线性(b)]
Fig. 7. Correlation between deep confined groundwater level in G226 monitoring well and land subsidence [Logistic(a), linear (b)]
图 8 地下水位、水化学组分含量和地面沉降量的相关性热图[G220(a)、G226(b)、G215(c)、G106(d)、G103(e)、G102(f)]
Fig. 8. Correlation heat map of groundwater level, hydrochemical components content and land subsidence[G220(a)、G226(b)、G215(c)、G106(d)、G103(e)、G102(f)]
图 9 吐鲁番南盆地承压水中SO42-含量时序变化(a)、监测井G226的地面沉降量与SO42-的关系(b)、(Na++ K++Ca2+)-Cl-与SO42-关系(c)
Fig. 9. Time series changes of SO42- concentration in confined groundwater of South Turpan Basin(a), the relationship between land subsidence and groundwater SO42- concentration the G226 monitoring well(b), the relationship between(Na++ K++Ca2+)-Cl-and SO42-of groundwater(c)
表 1 吐鲁番盆地监测井2019—2022年地下水位变幅
Table 1. Variation of groundwater level in monitoring wells in Turpan Basin from 2019 to 2022
地下水类型 区域 井编号 井/眼 年上升/下降速率（m·a-1） 年均上升/下降速率（m·a-1） 地下水动态类型 单一结构潜水 北盆地 G105、G108、G111、G212、G215、G227 6 -1.24~0.21 -0.25 缓慢下降 南盆地 G204 1 -1.27 -1.27 快速下降 承压水区潜水 北盆地 G110、G216、G219 3 -2.17~-0.17 -0.97 快速下降 南盆地 G104、G107、G228 3 -0.66~0.005 -0.29 缓慢下降 承压水 北盆地 G109 1 -1.05 -1.05 快速下降 南盆地 G102、G103、G106、G220、G226 5 -1.80~-0.02 -0.77 快速下降 
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表 2 吐鲁番盆地典型监测井地下水位变幅与累计地面沉降量对照
Table 2. Comparison between variation of groundwater level and accumulated ground settlement in typical monitoring Wells in Turpan Basin
监测井编号 井深(m) 花管位置(m) 层位 地下水位年上升/下降速率（m·a-1） 地面累计沉降量(mm) 主要的可压缩层 地下水动态类型 G102 100 52~94 浅层 -1.16 -24.98 黏土 快速下降 G103 200 146~194 深层 -0.23 15.28 黏土 缓慢下降 G106 306 143~283 深层 -0.02 -3.00 黏土 基本稳定 G220 100 52~94 浅层 -0.65 -213.18 / 快速下降 G226 300 234~294 深层 -1.16 -179.86 黏土 快速下降 G204 200 99~144 单一结构潜水 -1.20 0.59 / 快速下降 G227 200 152~194 单一结构潜水 0.16 10.22 / 缓慢上升 G215 100 94~100 单一结构潜水 0.19 6.26 / 缓慢上升 注：/表示无可压缩层.
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表 3 地面沉降量、地下水位分别与地下水化学组分含量的灰色关联度(G226)
Table 3. Grey correlation degree between land subsidence, groundwater level and chemical components content of groundwater (G226)
母序列 子序列 关联度 母序列 子序列 关联度 地面沉降量S TH 0.71 地下水位H TH 0.72 TDS 0.90 TDS 0.86 SO42- 0.86 S 0.83 H 0.78
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