Mineral Characteristics of Mica and Tourmaline and Geological Implication for the Pegmatite-Type Lithium Mineralization, Dahongliutan Area, West Kunlun
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摘要: 大红柳滩二云母花岗岩被认为是白龙山等伟晶岩型锂矿的成矿母岩.为约束大红柳滩地区花岗岩‒伟晶岩的岩浆‒热液演化过程.本文选取大红柳滩岩体二云母花岗岩及不同矿化程度伟晶岩中的贯穿性矿物——云母和电气石，开展了背散射结构观察（BSE）和电子探针成分分析（EPMA）.二云母花岗岩（Ms1）和白云母‒微斜长石伟晶岩（Ms2）中云母结构均一、化学成分变化小；白云母‒钠长石‒锂辉石伟晶岩（Ms3）中云母类型多样，除白云母外，还发育富锂多硅白云母、铁锂云母、锂云母，后者常交代白云母.Ms3中Li、F含量突增，其中Li2O最高可达4.68%、F可达6.47%.二云母花岗岩（Tur1）和白云母‒微斜长石伟晶岩（Tur2）中电气石为碱性黑电气石，白云母‒钠长石‒锂辉石伟晶岩中（Tur3）发育碱性锂电气石.相较于黑电气石，锂电气石具有富SiO2、Al2O3、Li2O，贫TiO2、MgO、CaO的特征.云母和电气石的成分和结构特征揭示，二云母花岗岩与白云母‒微斜长石伟晶岩形成于岩浆阶段，未发生锂矿化.白云母‒钠长石‒锂辉石伟晶岩形成于岩浆‒热液过渡期，锂元素发生了显著富集，发育锂辉石、富锂多硅白云母、铁锂云母、锂云母、锂电气石等.据此提出，岩浆‒热液转换期对于锂成矿具有重要意义.在伟晶岩型锂矿床中，锂电气石与锂云母的存在表明伟晶岩具有极高的岩浆演化程度.Abstract: The Dahongliutan two-mica granite is considered as parental rock to the adjacent pegmatite-type lithium deposits such as Bailongshan. To constrain the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of granite and associated pegmatites, we selected the penetrative minerals, mica and tourmaline, from two-mica granite and pegmatite with different degrees of mineralization, for backscattering observation (BSE) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). In the two-mica granite (Ms1) and muscovite-microcline pegmatite (Ms2), the muscovite is homogeneous, with limited chemical variations. In muscovite-albite-spodumene pegmatite, the muscovite (Ms3) incorporates much higher Li (Li2O up to 4.68%) and F (up to 6.47%) in comparison to Ms1 and Ms2. There are additional Li-bearing phengite, zinnwaldite and lepidolite that have replaced muscovite. Tourmalines from two-mica granite (Tur1) and muscovite-microcline pegmatite (Tur2) belong to alkaline schorl, while those from spodumene pegmatite (Tur3) are alkaline elbaite. Compared to alkaline schorl, alkaline elbaite is enriched in SiO2, Al2O3, Li2O, but depleted in TiO2, MgO and CaO. The textural and compositional features of mica and tourmaline reveal that the two-mica granite and muscovite-microcline pegmatite were formed by magmatic process, without lithium mineralization. By contrast, muscovite-albite-spodumene pegmatite was formed during the magmatic-hydrothermal transition, where lithium was significantly enriched, and numerous lithium-rich minerals such as spodumene, lithium-rich polysilicon muscovite, Li-bearing phengite, zinnwaldite, lepidolite and elbaite, were precipitated. Accordingly, we propose that the magmatic-hydrothermal transition is of great significance for lithium mineralization. In pegmatite-type deposits, the presence of elbaite and lepidolite indicates high degree of magmatic evolution.
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图 1 西昆仑造山带所在位置（a；据Xiao et al., 2005修编）; 西昆仑造山带地质图（b；据Wang et al., 2020修编）
缝合带/区域性断裂：①奥依塔格‒库地缝合带；②喀喇昆仑断裂；③麻扎‒康西瓦缝合带；④大红柳滩断裂；⑤红山湖‒乔尔天山缝合带.地体：NKT.北昆仑地体；SKT.南昆仑地体；TST.甜水海地体；KKT.喀喇昆仑地体.矿床/矿点：1.康西瓦铍矿；2.阿克塔斯锂矿；3.大红柳滩锂矿；4.大红柳滩东锂矿床；5.俘虏沟1号脉群锂矿床；6.俘虏沟2号脉群锂矿床；7.白龙山锂矿床；8.509道班西锂矿床；9.507锂矿床；10.冰舟锂矿床
Fig. 1. Regional tectonic map showing the location of the western Kunlun Orogenic Belt (a; modified after Xiao et al., 2005); geological map of the western Kunlun Orogen (b; modified after Wang et al., 2020)
图 2 大红柳滩伟晶岩型锂矿集中区地质简图（改自Yan et al., 2018）
Fig. 2. Geological map of the Dahongliutan pegmatite-type lithium district (modified after Yan et al. 2018)
图 3 用于矿物学研究的大红柳滩花岗岩和伟晶岩样品特征
a~c.二云母花岗岩，发育石英、钾长石、斜长石、白云母、黑云母等，见白云母包裹黑云母、石英，电气石粒间可充填有石英、白云母；d~f.白云母‒微斜长石伟晶岩，电气石呈黑色，见钾长石沿电气石裂隙充填；g~i.白云母‒钠长石‒锂辉石伟晶岩，发育锂辉石晶体、锂云母（交代白云母），锂电气石呈现多色性. 矿物缩写：Ab.钠长石；Bt.黑云母；Elb.锂电气石；Grt.石榴子石；Kfs.钾长石；Lpd.锂云母；Ms.白云母；Pl.斜长石；Q.石英；Spd.锂辉石；Tur.电气石
Fig. 3. The samples used for mineralogical studies, from both the Dahongliutan granite and pegmatite
图 4 大红柳滩花岗岩及伟晶岩中白云母和电气石的BSE图像
a.二云母花岗岩中电气石结构均一，沿其裂隙充填有白云母；b.白云母‒微斜长石伟晶岩中电气石无结构分带，包裹有石英；c.白云母‒微斜长石伟晶岩中成分均一的白云母，被钾长石交代；d.白云母‒钠长石‒锂辉石伟晶岩中富锂多硅白云母交代白云母，细粒绢云母沿锂辉石边缘发育；e.白云母‒钠长石‒锂辉石伟晶岩中锂云母沿白云母边缘处产出；f.白云母‒钠长石‒锂辉石伟晶岩中锂云母交代白云母. 图中缩写：Ap.磷灰石；Ab.钠长石；Li-phg.富锂多硅白云母；Lpd.锂云母；Ms.白云母；Q.石英；Tur.电气石；Ser.绢云母；Spd.锂辉石
Fig. 4. BSE photos of muscovite and tourmaline from the Dahongliutan granite and pegmatite
图 5 大红柳滩地区花岗岩和伟晶岩中云母的矿物分类简图
Fig. 5. The nomenclature of micas collected from the Dahongliutan granite and pegmatite
图 6 大红柳滩地区花岗岩与伟晶岩中云母主量元素变化箱型图
Fig. 6. Box plots of major elements of micas from granite and pegmatite of the Dahongliutan district
图 7 大红柳滩地区电气石类别划分图
底图据Henry and Guidotti（1985）；锂辉石伟晶岩（Tur3）数据为本课题组未发表数据
Fig. 7. Classification for the tourmalines from the Dahongliutan district
图 8 大红柳滩地区花岗岩与伟晶岩云母替代机制图解
a.云母Fe+Mg+Mn-Altotal图解，底图据Roda-Robles et al.（2006）；b. Si+Li-Altotal图解，底图据Roda-Robles et al.（2006）
Fig. 8. Substitution mechanism of micas from Dahongliutan granite and pegmatite
图 9 大红柳滩地区花岗岩与伟晶岩中电气石的元素替代机制图解
Fig. 9. Substitution mechanism of tourmalines from Dahongliutan granite and pegmatite
图 10 大红柳滩花岗岩和伟晶岩中电气石成分的Al-Fe-Mg和Ca-Fe-Mg三角图（据Henry and Guidotti, 1985）
1.富Li花岗岩及相关的伟晶岩、细晶岩；2.贫Li花岗岩及相关的伟晶岩、细晶岩；3.富Fe3+石英‒电气石岩（热液蚀变花岗岩）；4.与Al饱和相共存的变质泥岩、变质砂岩；5.与Al饱和相不共存的变质泥岩、变质砂岩；6.富Fe3+石英‒电气石岩，钙硅酸盐及变质泥岩；7.低Ca变铁镁质岩和富Cr、V变质沉积岩；8.变质碳酸盐岩和变质灰岩；9.富Ca变质泥岩，变质砂岩及钙硅酸盐；10.贫Ca变质泥岩、变质砂岩和石英‒电气石岩；11.变质碳酸盐岩；12.变超铁镁质岩
Fig. 10. Ternary Al-Fe-Mg (a) and Ca-Mg (b) diagrams showing compositions of tourmaline from Dahongliutan granite and (after Henry and Guidotti, 1985)
图 11 大红柳滩花岗岩和不同矿化程度伟晶岩中电气石演化图解
a. [YAl/（YAl+Fe）-Na/（Na+X□）]；b. YAl/（YAl+Fe）-Li图解，据Selway et al.（2005）
Fig. 11. Evolution diagrams for tourmaline of Dahongliutan granite and pegmatite
图 12 电气石类型与伟晶岩类型演化关系（底图引自邹天人和杨岳清，1996）
Ⅰ.产于二云母‒微斜长石型及白云母‒微斜长石型伟晶岩的钙镁电气石‒黑（铁）电气石系列；Ⅱ.产于白云母‒微斜长石‒钠长石型伟晶岩的钙镁电气石‒黑（铁）电气电气石系列；Ⅲ.产于白云母‒钠长石‒锂辉石型及白云母‒钠长石型伟晶岩的锂铁电气石；Ⅳ.产于锂云母钠长石型伟晶岩的锂电气石
Fig. 12. Relationship between tourmaline and pegmatite type (base map cited from Zou and Yang, 1996)
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