Lithofacies Palaeogeographic Evolution of the Middle Permian Sequence Stratigraphy and Its Implications for Shale Gas Exploration in the Northern Sichuan and Western Hubei Provinces
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摘要: 近两年我国南方川北-鄂西地区上二叠统吴家坪组-大隆组取得了页岩气重大勘探突破，并在中二叠统孤峰组发现了勘探新苗头，但其富有机质层段的分布规律及其页岩气资源潜力仍不清楚. 通过对川北-鄂西地区中二叠统地层开展沉积相识别与层序地层对比划分，分析不同层序的岩相古地理演化特征，进而探讨该区孤峰组富有机质层段的分布规律与页岩气资源潜力. 研究结果表明：川北-鄂西地区中二叠统可划分为3个三级层序SQ1、SQ2和SQ3，其中层序SQ3对应于孤峰组，沉积于卡匹敦晚期；层序SQ3沉积时期，该区在碳酸盐岩台地（对应层序SQ1和SQ2）基础上发育了3个北西向展布的深水盆地，即鄂西盆地、开江-梁平台盆（海槽）和广旺台盆（海槽）；孤峰组硅质岩与硅质页岩层段的有机碳TOC含量较高（平均TOC含量为3%~10%），且展布相对连续稳定；峨眉山地幔柱事件驱动了该区中二叠世晚期深水斜坡-盆地环境的形成，从而控制着孤峰组富有机质硅质岩与硅质页岩的大规模区域性沉积. 基于上述分析，综合硅质岩及硅质页岩有效厚度、TOC含量、构造保存条件等页岩气地质评价要素，在川东北至湘鄂西地区优选出5个有利区，面积约为1.2×104 km2，估算总资源量约1.75×1012 m3，展示了良好的页岩气勘探开发潜力.Abstract: In the last two years, significant breakthroughs have been achieved in the shale gas exploration within the Upper Permian Wuchiaping Formation to Talung Formation in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei provicnes, South China. Furthermore, a promising exploration perspective has also emerged in the Middle Permian Kuhfeng Formation. However, the distribution patterns of the organic-rich strata and the potential shale gas resources in these formations are not yet fully understood. By identifying sedimentary facies and correlating sequence stratigraphy in the Middle Permian of northern Sichuan and western Hubei area, the characteristics of lithofacies paleogeography in different sequences and their evolution were analyzed. Following this, it explores the distribution patterns of organic-rich layers and the shale gas resource potential in the Kuhfeng Formation. The research reveals that three third-order sequences, namely SQ1, SQ2, and SQ3, are identified from the Middle Permian formations in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area. Specifically, sequence SQ3 corresponds to the Kuhfeng Formation and was deposited during the late Capitanian. During the deposition of sequence SQ3, three northwest-trending deep-water basins developed on a carbonate platform (corresponding to sequences SQ1 and SQ2). These basins are the western Hubei Basin, the Kaijiang-Liangping Platform Basin (trough), and the Guang-Wang Platform Basin (trough), respectively.The Kuhfeng Formation exhibits a relatively continuous and stable distribution of organic-rich layers, mainly including bedded chert and siliceous shale layers with high organic carbon content (average TOC content ranging from 3.0% to 10%). The Emeishan mantle plume contributed to the formation of the deep-water slope-basin environment during the late Middle Permian in this area, further controlling the large-scale regional deposition of organic-rich bedded cherts and siliceous shales within the Kuhfeng Formation. Based on these above results and further comprehensive analyses of geological evaluation factors of shale gas, such as the effective thickness of bedded chert and siliceous shale, TOC content, and tectonic preservation conditions, five favorable areas for shale gas reservoirs covering approximately 12, 000 km2 are identified in the northeastern Sichuan to the western Hunan-Hubei region. The estimated total shale gas resource is approximately 1.75 trillion cubic meters, demonstrating significant potential of shale gas exploration and development in the region.
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图 1 川北-鄂西地区中二叠世晚期岩相古地理图（据马永生等，2023修改）
Fig. 1. Studied outcrop sections, wells and Palaeogeographic map in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area (modified from Ma et al., 2023)
图 2 华南地区中二叠统地层划分与对比
年代地层格架据沈树忠等（2019），其中上扬子广西来宾铁桥资料来自梅仕龙等（1999）；川西北地区剖面修改自李乾等（2018）和王婧雅（2014）；川东北宣汉渡口剖面综合自李凤杰和陈荣林（2008）和Shen et al.（2020）；中扬子地区湖北大冶剖面修改自张克信等（2002）和曹长群等（2013）；下扬子安徽宿松地区的孤峰组和武穴组资料分别来自王俊涛等（2022）和罗新民等（1997）；巢湖平顶山资料修改自杜小弟等（1999）、Wei et al.（2019）、Zhang et al.（2020）和姚素平等（2022）
Fig. 2. Middle Permian stratigraphy in South China
图 3 川北-鄂西地区茅口组局限台地相沉积特征
a. 四川旺苍鹿渡坝剖面茅口组下段瘤状泥质灰岩；b. 湖南桑植二洞坪剖面茅口组下段小型瘤状灰岩和眼球状灰岩；c. 四川旺苍鹿渡坝剖面茅口组钙质页岩与泥质灰岩互层；d. 四川广元西北乡剖面茅口组下段纹层状粘结蓝绿藻以及大型双壳碎片；e. 四川广元西北乡剖面茅口组下段大型管壳石藻属Tubiphytes；f，g. 四川广元西北乡剖面茅口组下段大型串管海绵；h. 四川广元西北乡剖面茅口组下段大型松藻属Codiaceae；i. 四川广元西北乡剖面茅口组下段大量腹足；j. 四川旺苍鹿渡坝剖面茅口组似瘤状灰岩中大型腹足；k. 四川旺苍鹿渡坝剖面茅口组菊花状天青石结核；l. 四川旺苍鹿渡坝剖面茅口组瘤状泥质灰岩显示富含介形虫的含黏土物质的泥晶灰岩；m. 四川旺苍鹿渡坝剖面茅口组瘤状泥质灰岩中基质的白云石化；n. 四川旺苍鹿渡坝剖面茅口组眼球状灰岩和钙质页岩中发育水平层理的含生屑泥灰岩；o. 四川广元西北乡剖面茅口组下段瘤状灰岩中含丰富的粘结藻纹层，中部为一个大型双壳碎片.
Fig. 3. Restricted carbonate platform characteristics in the Maokou Formation in northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
图 4 川北-鄂西地区茅口组开阔台地相沉积特征
a. 四川广元西北乡茅口组SQ2层序中灰白色厚层至块状生屑灰岩；b. 湖北恩施市郊茅口组上段灰色厚层状生屑灰岩；c. 四川旺苍鹿渡坝厚层灰岩中含藻类和其他生屑；d. 四川广元西北乡茅口组厚层灰岩显示为绿藻-有孔虫生屑灰岩，单偏光；e. 四川旺苍鹿渡坝厚层灰岩显示为绿藻生屑灰岩，单偏光；f. 湖北恩施田凤坪剖面茅口组厚层至巨厚层灰岩为棘皮生屑灰岩，单偏光.
Fig. 4. Open carbonate platform characteristics in the Maokou Formation in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
图 5 川北-鄂西地区茅口组台缘生物礁滩相特征
a. 四川广元西北乡剖面茅口组顶部块状生物礁；b. 四川旺苍燕儿洞茅口组顶部大型块状生物礁；c. 四川广元西北乡剖面茅口组顶部生物礁灰岩中含大量串管海绵以及粘结蓝绿藻，箭头所示；d. 湖北建始茅草街茅口组顶部大型串管海绵；e. 四川旺苍燕儿洞茅口组顶部礁灰岩中四射珊瑚（皱壁珊瑚）；f. 四川旺苍燕儿洞茅口组顶部礁灰岩含大量皱壁珊瑚和串管海绵，箭头所示；g. 四川旺苍燕儿洞茅口组顶部礁灰岩中富含苔藓虫以及障积的生物颗粒；h. 湖北建始茅草街茅口组顶部粘结蓝绿藻及其粘结的生物颗粒，箭头所示；i. 湖北建始茅草街茅口组顶部大量的蜓类化石被蓝绿藻粘结；j. 四川广元西北乡剖面茅口组顶部块状生物礁的鸟眼构造；k. 四川广元西北乡剖面茅口组顶部块状海绵粘结礁中障积的泥粒灰岩；l. 湖北建始茅草街茅口组顶部海绵粘结礁中障积的泥粒灰岩，位于中部的颗粒为藻粘结团块；m. 湖北建始茅草街茅口组顶部海绵粘结礁的局部白云石化；n. 四川旺苍鹿渡坝茅口组顶部生物滩灰岩中亮晶生屑灰岩；o. 四川旺苍鹿渡坝茅口组顶部生物滩砂屑灰岩的完全白云石化
Fig. 5. Reef and shallow shoal characteristics at the edge of carbonate platform in the Maokou Formation in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
图 6 川北-鄂西地区孤峰组斜坡相特征
a. 四川旺苍鹿渡坝剖面孤峰组下段瘤状硅质岩夹薄层硅质灰岩以及灰岩透镜体；b，c. 四川旺苍燕儿洞孤峰组下段瘤状硅质岩中含透镜状风暴成因的丘状层理灰岩；d. 四川广元西北乡剖面孤峰组下段薄层钙质硅质岩中发育大型富含生屑的灰岩透镜体；e. 四川广元西北乡瘤状钙质硅质岩中发育大型的变口目苔藓虫（Trepostomata）；f. 湖北建始茅草街剖面孤峰组上段钙质页岩夹厚层瘤状白云岩；g. 湖南桑植仁村坪剖面孤峰组黑色薄层硅质灰岩与泥岩互层，其上武穴组为SQ3的高位体系域沉积；h. 四川宣汉渡口梨坪村剖面茅口组上段灰色厚层灰岩中发育风暴成因的丘状交错层理；i，j. 四川宣汉渡口梨坪村剖面茅口组上段SQ2层序的深灰色薄至中层泥晶灰岩，发育水平层理（箭头所示）；k. 四川旺苍燕儿洞剖面孤峰组下段硅质岩所夹灰岩为微晶灰岩，正交偏光；l. 四川旺苍燕儿洞剖面孤峰组下段的薄层瘤状硅质岩中富含钙质，未见浮游硅质化石，正交偏光
Fig. 6. Slope facies characterisitics in the Kuhfeng Formation in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
图 7 川北-鄂西地区孤峰组盆地相沉积特征
a. 四川旺苍燕儿洞剖面孤峰组黑色薄层硅质岩夹页岩；b. 四川广元西北乡孤峰组黑色薄层硅质岩夹页岩；c. 湖北恩施新塘乡九个坡剖面黑色薄层硅质岩；d. 四川旺苍燕儿洞孤峰组黑色薄层硅质岩中富含放射虫；e. 四川旺苍燕儿洞孤峰组硅质岩含丰富的翅蛤科双壳幼体；f. 湖北恩施田凤坪剖面孤峰组薄层硅质岩含丰富的放射虫化石
Fig. 7. Basin facies characteristics in the Kuhfeng Formation in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
图 8 川北-鄂西地区中二叠统茅口组至孤峰组SQ1至SQ3层序界面特征
a. 四川广元西北乡剖面茅口组SQ1底部层序界面；b. 四川旺苍鹿渡坝剖面茅口组SQ2底部层序界面；c. 四川广元西北乡剖面孤峰组SQ3底部层序界面；d. 四川旺苍鹿渡坝剖面孤峰组底部层序界面；e. 四川旺苍燕儿洞剖面孤峰组与吴家坪组分界面的层序边界；f. 湖北建始茅草街剖面孤峰组顶部层序界面特征.
Fig. 8. Sequence boundary of SQ1 to SQ3 in the middle Permian Maokou and the Kuhfeng formations in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
图 9 川北-鄂西地区中二叠统三级层序界面测井曲线响应特征
Fig. 9. Well-logging response of sequence boundary in the Middle Permian in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
图 10 四川旺苍县鹿渡坝剖面茅口组（a）与广元西北乡剖面茅口组至孤峰组层序地层划分（b和c）
Fig. 10. Sequence subdivisions in the Maokou Formation at Luduba outcrop section in Wangcang(a) and those in the Maokou and Kuhfeng formationsat Xibeixiang in Guangyuan (b and c), Sichuan Province
图 11 四川旺苍县鹿渡坝剖面茅口组和孤峰组层序地层划分与沉积相综合柱状图
Fig. 11. Sequence subdivision and facies in the Maokou and Kuhfeng formations at Luduba outcrop section in Wangcang, Sichuan Province
图 12 四川广元西北乡剖面中二叠统层序地层与沉积相综合柱状图
Fig. 12. Sequence subdivision and facies in the Middle Permian at Xibeixiang outcrop section, Guangyuan, Sichuan Province
图 13 重庆奉节LT1井（a）和梁平L8井（b）茅口至孤峰组层序地层与沉积相综合柱状图
Fig. 13. Sequence subdivision and facies in the Maokou and the Kuhfeng formations in LT1 well (a) in Fengjie and L8 well (b) in Liangping, Chongqing
图 14 川北-鄂西地区ST1井-LT1井-鹿渡坝-燕儿洞-桥亭-诺水河中二叠统三级层序SQ1至SQ3地层对比
Fig. 14. Sequence stratigraphic correlation from SQ1 to SQ3 among sections of ST1, LT1, Luduba, Yanerdong, Qiaoting, Nuoshuihe in northern Sichuan and western Hubei
图 15 川北-鄂西地区NC1井-GT1井-YH3井-WT1井-YA1井-PG5井-渡口梨坪村中二叠统三级层序SQ1至SQ3地层对比
Fig. 15. Sequence stratigraphic correlation from SQ1 to SQ3 among sections of NC1, GT1, YH3, WT1, YA1, PG5, Lipingcun in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
图 16 川北-鄂西地区G1井-SX1井-冷水溪-JS1井-田凤坪-新塘九个坡-JD4井-大峡口中二叠统三级层序SQ1至SQ3地层对比
Fig. 16. Sequence stratigraphic correlation from SQ1 to SQ3 among sections of G1, SX1, Lengshuixi, JS1, Tianfengping, Jiugepo, JD4 and Daxiakou in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
图 17 川北-鄂西地区西北乡-鹿渡坝-HB1井-WT1井-JS1井-田凤坪-深沟-仁村坪-二洞坪中三级层序SQ1至SQ3地层对比
Fig. 17. Sequence stratigraphic correlation from SQ1 to SQ3 among sections of Xibeixiang, Luduba, HB1, WT1, JS1, Tianfengping, Shengou, Rencunping and Erdongping in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
图 18 川北-鄂西地区ST1-LT1-鹿渡坝-燕儿洞-桥亭-诺水河中二叠统连井相对比图
Fig. 18. Facies correlation among sections of ST1, LT1, Luduba, Yanerdong, Qiaoting and Nuoshuihe in Middle Permian in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
图 19 川北-鄂西地区NC1-GT1-YH3-WT1-YA1-PG5-渡口梨坪村中二叠统连井相对比图
Fig. 19. Facies correlation among sections of NC1, GT1, YH3, WT1, YA1, PG5 and Lipingcun in the Middle Permian in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
图 20 川北-鄂西地区G1-SX1-冷水溪-JS1-田凤坪-新塘九个坡-JD4-大峡口中二叠统连井相对比图
Fig. 20. Facies correlation among sections of G1, SX1, Lengshuixi, JS1, Tianfengping, Jiugepo, JD4 and Daxiakou in Middle Permian in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
图 21 川北-鄂西地区西北乡-鹿渡坝-HB1-WT1-JS1-田凤坪-深沟-仁村坪-二洞坪中二叠统连井相对比图
Fig. 21. Facies correlation among sections of Xibeixiang, Luduba, HB1, WT1, JS1, Tianfengping, Shengou, Rencunping and Erdongping in Middle Permian in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
图 22 川北-鄂西地区中二叠统层序SQ1（a）、SQ2（b）和SQ3（c）地层厚度及层序SQ3中硅质岩+硅质页岩厚度（d）分布图
Fig. 22. Contour map of SQ1 (a), SQ2 (b), SQ3 (c) thickness in the Middle Permian strata and bedded chert and Siliceous shale thickness of SQ3 (d)in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
图 23 川北-鄂西地区中二叠统层序SQ3硅质岩+硅质页岩厚度与地层厚度比值（F/S）分布
Fig. 23. Contour map of fine-grained sedimentary rocks (Bedded chert and Siliceous shale)/SQ3 ratios in Middle Permian in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
图 24 川北-鄂西地区中二叠世早期SQ1（a）和SQ2（b）层序岩相古地理图
Fig. 24. Palaeogeographic map during the SQ1 (a)and SQ2 (b) in Middle Permian in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
图 25 川北-鄂西地区中二叠世晚期SQ3层序岩相古地理图
Fig. 25. Palaeogeographic map during the SQ3 in Middle Permian in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
图 26 川北-鄂西地区中二叠世海平面变化、地质事件及孤峰组TOC含量分布特征
地质年代据国际年代地层表（2023版）及文献（Shen et al.，2020；申博恒等，2021）；孤峰组TOC数据部分来自文献（吴勘，2013；Shi et al.，2016；周志等，2018；李浩涵等，2020；付小东等，2021；苏健辉，2021；王登等，2021；刘昇等，2023；Jiang et al.，2023）；峨眉山地幔柱活动相关年龄详见文中
Fig. 26. Sea level changes and geological events during the Middle Permian and TOC content distribution of the Kuhfeng Formation in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
图 27 川北-鄂西地区中二叠统孤峰组页岩气有利区分布图
Fig. 27. Distribution of favorable shale gas areas in Middle Permian Kuhfeng formation in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
表 1 川北-鄂西地区中二叠统孤峰组页岩气有利区估算资源量
Table 1. Resource assessment for favorable shale gas areas of the Middle Permian Kuhfeng Formation in the northern Sichuan and western Hubei area
有利区 构造单元 埋深(m) 厚度(m) 面积(km2) 估算资源量(×108 m3) Ⅰ 川东断褶带 > 1 000 14~20 5 330 7 600 Ⅱ 石柱复向斜 > 1 000 10~20 3 260 3 900 Ⅲ 花果坪复向斜 > 1 000 10~32 1 350 2 400 Ⅳ 花果坪复向斜 > 1 000 16~30 740 1 200 Ⅴ 桑植-石门复向斜 > 1 000 16~22 1 520 2 400 合计 12 200 17 500 
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