Magmatic Activity and Tectonic Significance in the Xiong'ershan Area during the Neoarchean to Early Paleoproterozoic
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摘要: 华北克拉通南缘出露的古老岩石主要为TTG和钾质花岗岩的岩石组合，该组合是研究花岗岩成因和大陆地壳生长演化的一个重要对象. 聚焦于熊耳山地区，利用锆石微区Hf-O同位素和微量元素分析来示踪岩浆的演化过程，探讨不同阶段花岗岩的地球化学特征、源区性质及其成因机理，厘定了2.5~2.4 Ga，~2.3 Ga两期重要岩浆-构造事件. 研究发现，小南沟地区2.51~2.43 Ga奥长花岗岩含有富钛氧化物，εHf（t）值为-6.9至+5.0，锆石δ18O值平均值分别为6.03‰和5.18‰，可能跟地壳物质的部分熔融和沉积物质的加入有关. 黄沟和穆册地区2.3 Ga钾质花岗岩显示锆石δ18O值平均值分别为3.98‰和3.10‰，εHf（t）值较低，为-5.8至-3.5. 锆石δ18O值的明显降低，可能跟地幔物质上涌引起的高温水岩反应过程有关. 不同时代花岗岩的不同类型锆石微量元素呈现出大陆弧环境的特征，结合较低的εHf（t）和降低的δ18O同位素组分变化，熊耳山地区在岩浆静寂期前夕可能形成于活动大陆边缘弧环境.Abstract: The ancient rocks exposed along the southern margin of the North China Craton primarily comprise a suite of rocks known as TTG (Tonalite-Trondhjemite-Granodiorite) and K-rich granites. This suite represents a critical target for the study of granite genesis and the evolution of continental crust. This paper focuses on the Xiong'ershan region and employs zircon microanalysis of Hf-O isotopes and trace elements to trace the evolution of magma. It explores the geochemical characteristics of granites at different stages, the nature of their source regions, and the mechanisms behind their formation. This study identifies two significant magmatic-tectonic events around 2.5 to 2.4 Ga and ~2.3 Ga. The research reveals that in the Xiaonangou region, trondhjemite from 2.51 to 2.43 Ga contain rich titanium oxides, with low εHf(t) values ranging from -6.9 to +5.0. The zircon oxygen isotope values average 6.03‰ and 5.18‰, suggesting potential associations with partial crustal melting and the incorporation of sedimentary material. In the Huanggou and Muce regions, ~2.3 Ga potassic granites exhibit zircon oxygen isotope values averaging 3.98‰ and 3.10‰, with enriched εHf(t) values ranging from -5.8 to -3.5, respectively. The significant decrease in zircon δ18O values may be linked to high-temperature hydrothermal-magmatic interactions caused by upwelling mantle material. Zircon trace element compositions of different types in granites from different eras exhibit characteristics of continental arc environments. Combined with continuously low εHf(t) and reducing δ18O isotopic composition, the Xiong'ershan region likely formed in an active continental margin arc environment on the eve of the magmatic quiet period.
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图 1 华北克拉通地质图（a）（据Zhao et al., 2005修改）；华北克拉通南部太华杂岩地质简图（b）（据Diwu et al., 2014修改）
Fig. 1. Simplified map of the North China Craton with exposed Archean to Paleoproterozoic basement (a) (modified from Zhao et al., 2005); Simplified geological map of the Taihua Complex in the southern NCC (b) (modified after Diwu et al., 2014).
图 2 华北克拉通南缘熊耳山地区地质简图（据Zhou et al., 2021修改）
Fig. 2. Simplified geological map of the Xiong'ershan area in the southern NCC (modified from Zhou et al., 2021)
图 3 熊耳山地区新太古代晚期-古元古代早期岩石特征
a. XNG13-1野外特征；b. 22-LN-03野外特征； c. 22-MC-01-D野外特征；d. 取样手标本照片； e~j. 奥长花岗岩XNG13-1，22-LN-03；二长花岗岩22-MC-01-D，HG-37；斜长角闪岩（XNG09-2）；英云闪长岩（XNG07-3）镜下岩相学特征； Pl. 斜长石；Mu. 白云母；Hb. 角闪石；Ser. 绢云母；Cal. 方解石；Qz. 石英；Bt. 黑云母；Kfs. 钾长石
Fig. 3. The rock characteristics of the late Neoarchean to early Paleoproterozoic in the Xiong'ershan area
图 8 样品XNG9-2铁钛氧化物能谱分析
Fig. 8. Energy spectrum analysis of iron titanium oxide in sample XNG9-2
图 9 样品XNG13-1富钛氧化物，XNG07-2硫铁氧化物能谱分析
Fig. 9. Energy spectrum analysis about titanium-rich oxide in sample XNG13-1, iron oxide sulfide in XNG0-2
图 4 熊耳山地区新太古代晚期TTG岩石-古元古代早期钾质花岗岩的锆石U-Pb谐和图及锆石微量稀土元素图解
Fig. 4. Concordia diagrams showing U-Pb zircon analyses of Late Archean TTG rocksand early Paleoproterozoic potassium granite and diagrams of trace rare earth elements in zircon in Xiong'ershan area
图 5 熊耳山地区古元古代早期岩石εHf(t)-年龄图解（底图据王敬宇等, 2021）
Fig. 5. εHf(t)-Age diagrams of early Paleoproterozoic rocks in Xiong'ershan area (after Wang et al., 2021)
图 6 熊耳山地区新太古代晚期-古元古代早期岩石δ18O-结晶年龄(a)图解; δ18O平均值-εHf(t)平均值(b), (c) U-δ18O相关性图解和(d)岩石δ18O-实测U-Pb年龄图解
Fig. 6. δ18O vs crystallization age (a) δ18O-Average vs εHf(t)-Average age (b) diagrams of late Neoarchean and early Paleoproterozoic rocks in Xiong'ershan area; relationships of (c) U vs. δ18O; age (d) δ18O vs. age
图 7 熊耳山地区古元古代早期岩石δCe-104/（T/K）（a）（底图据Qiu et al., 2013）和lg（fO2/105Pa）-T（b）（底图据Qiu et al., 2013）图解; 锆石微量元素Log(Nb/Yb)和Log(U/Yb)分配图解（c），底图背景源自Grimes et al. (2015)，分别代表大陆弧，洋岛型，洋中脊型构造背景. (Sm/La)N和LREE-I图解（d）；颜色的不同代表岩浆和热液锆石的不同，代表岩浆和初始年龄和锆石改造的区分(Bell et al., 2016)；fO2（△FMQ）和结晶年龄（e）实测U-Pb年龄图解（f）
Fig. 7. δCe vs 104/(T/K) (a) (after Qiu et al., 2013) and lg(fO2/105Pa) vs T(b) (after Qiu et al., 2013) diagrams of early Paleoproterozoic rocks in Xiongershan area; The distribution diagram of trace elements Log (Nb/Yb) and Log (U/Yb) in zircon (c), derived from Grimes et al. (2015), represents the tectonic backgrounds of continental arc, oceanic island type, and mid ocean ridge type, respectively; the difference in color represents the difference between magma and hydrothermal zircon(d), representing the differentiation between magma and initial age and zircon alteration (Bell et al., 2016); variation of magmatic fO2 with age (e), crystallization age (f)
图 10 （a）2.50~2.20 Ga期间华北克拉通长英质岩浆岩的综合年龄数据；（b）华北克拉通中2.50~2.20 Ga长英质火成岩组合的分布
Fig. 10. (a) Integrated age data of granitic magmatism in the NCC during the period from 2.50~2.20 Ga; (b) Distribution of granitic igneous rock assemblages in the NCC from 2.50~2.20 Ga
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