Lower-Middle Triassic Conodonts of Ganheqiao Section, Wangmo County, Guizhou Province
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摘要: 三叠纪初现代型生态系统建立的过程曲折并伴随着频繁的环境波动, 研究其模式和驱动机制需要以高分辨率的地层格架为基础建立可靠的时间标尺. 虽然牙形石在古生代和早中生代海相地层对比与划分中往往被作为标准化石, 但是由于早‒中三叠世的多个阶和亚阶的国际划分与对比标准一直悬而未决, 目前提出的一些候选标准化石还有待进一步的区域与全球对比的检验. 通过对贵州望谟甘河桥剖面的下‒中三叠统底部样品进行了系统的牙形石分类学和地层学研究, 共鉴定出15属29种, 建立了10个牙形石组合带, 由下而上依次为Neospathodus dieneri带、Novispathodus waageni带、Guangxidella bransoni带、Novispathodus pingdingshanensis带、Icriospathodus crassatus带、Triassospthodus homeri带、Triassospthodus triangularis带、Triassospthodus sosioensis带、Chiosella timorensis带和Nicoraella germanica带. 根据本剖面牙形石分布情况以及和其他剖面对比, 支持以牙形石Novispathodus waageni、Novispathodus pingdingshanensis、Chiosella timorensis分子的首现分别作为印度阶‒奥伦尼克阶、史密斯亚阶‒斯帕斯亚阶以及下‒中三叠统界线的标准. 过去几年, 望谟地区的三叠系中陆续报道了多个层位的海洋爬行动物和较为多样的节肢动物化石, 标志着海洋生态系统发生了多阶段的演化. 本文建立的高分辨率生物地层框架, 为卡定研究区现代型海洋生态系统的建立时间, 提供了关键证据.
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关键词:
- 牙形石 /
- 史密斯‒斯帕斯亚阶界线 /
- 下‒中三叠统界线 /
- 地球生物学
Abstract: The establishment of modern ecosystem in Early Triassic is challenging and subject to frequent fluctuation of environment, thus a refined time scale is demanded to explore its process and mechanism. Although conodonts are often used as index fossils in the correlation and division of Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic marine strata, the international classification and comparison criteria for multiple stages and substages of the Early-Middle Triassic have been pending. Some candidate index fossils have yet to be further tested by regional and global correlation. The deep-water strata were well developed in the Lower-Middle Triassic at the Ganheqiao Section in Wangmo County of Guizhou. In this paper, a systematic study of conodont taxonomy and stratigraphy was carried out on the samples near the Lower-Middle Triassic boundaries of the section. A total of 29 species in 15 genera were identified and 10 conodont zones were recognized, namely Neospathodus dieneri Zone, Novispathodus waageni Zone, Guangxidella bransoni Zone, Novispathodus pingdingshanensis Zone, Icriospathodus crassatus Zone, Triassospthodus homeri Zone, Triassospthodus triangularis Zone, Triassospthodus sosioensis Zone, Chiosella timorensis Zone, Nicoraella germanica Zone in ascending order. According to the distribution of conodonts in this section and the comparison with other sections, it is supported that the first occurrences of conodonts Novispathodus waageni, Novispathodus pingdingshanensis and Chiosella timorensis are used as the criteria for the Indian-Olenekian, Smithian-Spathian and Lower-Middle Triassic boundaries, respectively. In the past few years, multiple layers of marine reptiles and diverse arthropod fossils have been reported in the Triassic in the Wangmo area, indicating a multi-stage evolution of marine ecosystems. The high-resolution biostratigraphic framework established in this paper provides key evidence to calibrate the build-up time of modern marine ecosystems in study area.-
Key words:
- conodont /
- Smithian-Spathian boundary /
- Lower-Middle Triassic boundary /
- geobiology
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图 1 甘河桥剖面古地理（a）及交通位置（b）
图a改自冯增昭等（1997）
Fig. 1. Paleogeographic position （a） and the location （b） of Ganheqiao Section
图 2 甘河桥剖面地层序列及牙形石分布
Fig. 2. Stratigraphic sequence and distribution of conodonts at Ganheqiao Section
D.=Discretella, P.=Pachycladina, Sw.=Sweetospathodus, S.=Spathicuspus, Ng.=Neogondolella, Ns.=Neospathodus, Nv.=Novispathodus, Nic.=Nicoraella, G.=Gladigondolella, Gu.=Guangxidella, Ic.=Icriospathodus, C.=Cornudina, Tr.=Triassospathodus, Nst.=Neostrachanognathus, Ch.=Chiosella
图 3 甘河桥剖面牙形石图版
1~4. Neostrachanognathus tahoensis, 侧视, 第25层；5、6. Cornudina breviramulis, 侧视, 第28层；7、8. Spathicuspus spathi, 侧视, 7为第25层, 8为第26层；9、10. Novispathodus w. waageni, 侧视, 第4层；11、22. Triassospathodus sosioensis, a为侧视, b为反口视, 第25层；12. Discretella discreta, a为侧视, b为反口视；13、18. Novispathodus pingdingshanensis, a为侧视, b为反口视, 第14层；14、21. Triassospthodus triangularis, a为侧视, b为反口视, 第25层；15. Novispathodus abruptus, a为侧视, b为反口视, 第25层；16、17、19. Triassospathodus symmetricus, 侧视, 16为第36层, 17为第25层, 19为第26层；20. Neospathodus cf. posterolongatus, a为侧视, b为反口视, 第25层. 比例尺200 μm
Fig. 3. Plates of conodonts at Ganheqiao Section
图 4 甘河桥剖面牙形石扫描电镜图像
1~3. Novispathodus abruptus, a为侧视, b为反口视, 第25层；4. Chiosella sp. A sensu Orchard et al., （2007）, 侧视, 第28层；5. Triassospathodus sosioensis, a为侧视, b为反口视, 第25层；6. Neospathodus cf. posterolongatus, a为侧视, b为反口视, 第25层；7. Triassospathodus homeri, a为侧视, b为反口视, 第25层；8、10. Chiosella timorensis, a为侧视, b为反口视, 第28层；9. Triassospathodus brochus, a为侧视, b为反口视, 第25层. 比例尺200 μm
Fig. 4. SEM images of conodonts at Ganheqiao Section
图 5 甘河桥剖面与其他华南典型剖面对比图
湾头部面、幼平剖面引自Chen et al.（2020）,关刀剖面引自Lehrmann et al.（2006）,甲戎部面引自Chen et al.（2015）,平顶山西剖面引自Zhao et al.（2007）
Fig. 5. Stratigraphic correlation between Ganheqiao and other typical sections of South China
图 6 早三叠世主要动物群
贵阳生物群引自Dai et al., 2023；望谟生物群周长勇等, 2024；句容鱼类动物群引自Qiu et al., 2019；Paris动物群引自Brayard et al., 2017；巢湖动物群引自Jiang et al., 2016；望谟爬行动物群周长勇等, 2017；南漳‒远安动物群引自Wu et al., 2023. 1.放射虫；2.有孔虫；3.海绵；4.棘皮类；5.介形虫；6.虾类；7. 腕足类；8.蟹类；9.袋头类；10. 腹足类；11.双壳类；12.头足类；13.牙形动物；14鱼类；15.海生爬行类
Fig. 6. Main biotas in Early Triassic
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