Tectonic Setting and Metallogenic Regualtion of Sedimentary Manganese Deposits of East Kunlun, Qinghai Province
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摘要: 东昆仑造山带位于青藏高原东北部，经历了早期原特提斯洋构造演化，形成了一系列海相沉积型锰矿床.但对于东昆仑地区原特提斯洋演化的具体细节仍存在伸展与俯冲、活动大陆边缘与被动大陆边缘、岛弧与弧后盆地等不同的认识；有关大洋封闭的时间也存在中-晚奥陶世和早志留世的争议.本文通过东昆仑地区海相沉积型锰矿容矿围岩砂岩、粉砂岩和硅质岩的岩相学观察、主量和微量元素地球化学测试，并与形成于不同构造环境的砂岩与硅质岩进行对比分析，结果表明形成于中元古代的洪水河铁锰矿和浪木日锰矿，以及形成于奥陶纪-早志留世的三通沟北锰矿具有活动大陆边缘的地球化学特征，而形成于新元古代三通沟Ⅵ-Ⅶ锰矿带表现为被动大陆边缘的构造属性.综合研究认为东昆仑中带和南带从中元古代蓟县系狼牙山组到新元古代万宝沟群经历了原特提斯洋的活动大陆边缘到被动大陆边缘的演化过程，而奥陶纪-早志留世纳赤台群形成于原特提斯洋俯冲-岛弧增生-弧后盆地阶段.Abstract: The East Kunlun orogenic belt is located in the northeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It experienced the early tectonic evolution of the Proto-Tethys Ocean and formed a series of marine sedimentary manganese deposits . However, there are still different understandings on the specific details of the evolution of the Proto-Tethys Ocean in East Kunlun, such as expansion and subduction, active and passive continental margins, island arc and back-arc basin. There are also controversies regarding the timing of ocean closure during the Middle-Late Ordovician or Early Silurian periods. Based on the geological and geochemical research of sandstone and siliceous rock in marine sedimentary manganese deposits in East Kunlun, it was indicated that Hongshuihe ferromanganese and Langmuri manganese deposits formed in the Mesoproterozoic, as well as Ordovician-Early Silurian Santonggou north manganese deposit, show geochemical characteristics of active continental margin, but Santonggou Ⅵ-Ⅶ manganese ore belt formed in the Neoproterozoic shows the tectonic attribute of passive continental margins. Comprehensive research indicates that the minddle and south Kunlun belts in Proto-Tethys tectonic domain has undergone an evolution processes from Mesoproterozoic active continental margin to Neoproterozoic passive continental margin, and Ordovician-Early Silurian Nachitai Group was formed in the stage of island arc accretion or back-arc basin in the Proto-Tethys Ocean.
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图 1 青海东昆仑锰矿区域地质简图
1.第四系；2.新近系；3.侏罗系；4.三叠系；5.二叠系；6.石炭系；7.泥盆系；8.奥陶系；9.奥陶系-志留系；10.寒武系；11.元古界；12.岩浆岩；13.地质界线；14.断层；15.锰矿位置；16.地名
Fig. 1. Regional geological map of east Kunlun manganese deposits in Qinghai Province
图 3 三通沟北锰矿床地质图
1.第四系；2.上三叠统八宝山组火山岩段；3.上三叠统八宝山组砂砾岩段；4.灰岩；5.砂岩；6.粉砂岩；7.含砾岩屑砂岩；8.碳质粉砂岩；9.硅质岩；10.凝灰岩；11.英安岩；12.辉长岩；13.蛇纹岩；14.地质界线；15.不整合界线；16.断层；17.锰矿带位置及编号；18.锰矿化带位置及编号；19.地质剖面位置；据刘永乐等（2023）
Fig. 3. Geological map of Santonggou north manganese deposits in
图 6 三通沟Ⅵ-Ⅶ锰矿带实测地质剖面
Fig. 6. Measured geological profile of Santonggou Ⅵ-Ⅶ manganese ore belt
图 7 洪水河铁锰矿区地质简图(王生明等，2018)
Fig. 7. Geological map of Hongshuihe iron-manganese ore area (afterWang et al., 2018)
图 8 洪水河铁锰矿区Ⅰ-1锰矿体实测地质剖面
Fig. 8. Geological profile of Ⅰ-1 ore body in Hongshuihe iron-manganese ore area
图 9 东昆仑各锰矿区代表性粉砂岩、变砂岩和硅质岩的宏观及显微地质照片
a.三通沟北矿区细砂岩（钻孔岩芯标本）；b.三通沟北矿区硅质岩（钻孔岩芯标本）；c.三通沟北矿区细砂岩显微照片（正交偏光）；d.三通沟北矿区硅质岩显微照片（正交偏光）；e.三通沟北矿区粉砂岩显微照片（正交偏光）；f.三通沟Ⅵ-Ⅶ矿带硅质岩与粉砂岩（露头）照片；g.三通沟Ⅵ-Ⅶ矿带粉砂岩显微照片（正交偏光）；h.三通沟Ⅵ-Ⅶ矿带硅质粉砂岩显微照片（正交偏光）；i.洪水河矿区变砂岩（露头）照片；j.洪水河矿区变砂岩显微照片（正交偏光）
Fig. 9. Macro and micro geological photos of representative siltstone, metasandstone and siliceous rock in the East Kunlun Mn deposits
图 10 东昆仑锰矿区砂岩构造环境判别图(据Rose and Korsch, 1986)
Fig. 10. Tectonic setting diagram of sandstones in East Kunlun manganese deposit (after Rose and Korsch, 1986)
图 11 东昆仑锰矿区硅质岩构造环境判别图(Murray, 1994)
Fig. 11. Tectonic environment diagrams of siliceous rocks in East Kunlun manganese deposits(afterMurray, 1994)
图 12 东昆仑锰矿区砂岩La-Th-Sc和Th-Sc-Zr/10三角图解(Bhatia and Crook, 1986)
Fig. 12. La-Th-Sc and Th-Sc-Zr/10 triangle diagrams of sandstones in the East Kunlun manganese mine area(afterBhatia and Crook, 1986)
图 13 三通沟北锰矿区粉砂岩(a)与硅质岩(b)稀土元素配分图
Fig. 13. PAAS-normalized REE patterns of siltstone (a) and siliceous rock (b) in Santonggou north Mn deposit
图 14 洪水河铁锰矿区变砂岩稀土元素配分图
Fig. 14. PAAS-normalized REE patterns of meta-sandstones in Hongshuihe Fe-Mn ore deposit
图 15 三通沟Ⅵ-Ⅶ矿带粉砂岩稀土元素配分曲线图
Fig. 15. PAAS-normalized REE patterns of siltstone in Santonggou Ⅵ-Ⅶ Mn ore belt
图 16 Ce异常判别图解(据Bau and Dulski, 1996)
Fig. 16. Ce/Ce* versus Pr/Pr* discrimination diagram for Ce anomaly (afterBau and Dulski, 1996)
图 17 东昆仑沉积锰矿与区域构造演化示意图
Fig. 17. Schematic diagram of sedimentary manganese deposits and regional tectonic evolution in the East Kunlun region
表 1 东昆仑锰矿围岩主量元素分析结果（%）
Table 1. Analysis results of major elements in surrounding rock of East Kunlun manganese deposit (%)
矿床名称 送样编号 样品名称 Al2O3 SiO2 Fe2O3 FeO MnO CaO K2O MgO Na2O P2O5 TiO2 SO3 LOI TFe2O3
三通沟
北锰矿ZK706-806 硅质粉砂岩 10.3 64.52 4.09 2.55 0.51 5.47 1.38 2.25 0.65 2.90 0.32 2.15 2.27 6.64 ZK706-829 硅质粉砂岩 9.80 69.35 3.66 2.10 0.65 3.98 1.94 2.09 0.75 0.55 0.33 0.85 3.23 5.76 ZK706-R1 碳质粉砂岩 10.8 63.69 4.24 8.18 0.60 1.39 1.44 3.41 0.79 0.39 0.47 0.17 4.06 12.4 ZK706-R2 碳质粉砂岩 11.5 60.49 5.18 8.10 0.65 1.72 1.64 3.59 0.61 0.30 0.54 0.85 4.15 13.3 ZK706-R3 碳质粉砂岩 11.3 58.74 5.22 9.14 0.66 1.84 1.51 3.80 0.68 0.31 0.54 1.70 4.28 14.4 ZK706-R5 碳质粉砂岩 10.2 69.60 6.27 4.57 0.27 0.51 1.60 2.16 0.76 0.16 0.36 3.00 0.17 10.8 ZK706-R4 硅质岩 2.91 83.18 3.13 3.05 0.20 0.81 0.26 0.97 0.03 0.26 0.22 1.37 1.82 6.18 STG-8B## 硅质岩 2.47 92.77 0.03 0.20 0.66 0.23 0.08 0.06 0.13 1.78 0.95 STG-9B-1## 硅质岩 1.97 92.98 0.02 0.69 0.52 0.21 0.09 0.03 0.08 1.66 1.04 STG-9B-3## 硅质岩 3.68 91.39 0.02 0.27 0.80 0.25 0.13 0.05 0.16 1.87 0.79
洪水河
铁锰矿HP1-1 变砂岩 12.3 60.76 1.93 2.63 0.43 7.25 4.46 6.62 1.36 0.21 0.67 0.01 1.63 4.56 HP1-3 变砂岩 10.5 63.53 3.23 5.20 0.24 2.31 3.87 4.13 3.12 0.11 0.57 0.08 1.29 8.43 HSH01-B10# 变粉砂岩 11.8 67.53 - - 0.44 2.19 4.12 4.35 0.63 0.16 0.77 - 1.89 5.39 HSH02-B8# 变粉砂岩 11.1 65.70 - - 0.60 2.58 3.65 3.73 0.66 0.14 0.69 - 5.46 4.86 HSH02-B9# 变粉砂岩 10.5 53.59 - - 1.62 6.38 3.14 5.32 1.82 0.13 0.59 - 10.62 5.88 三通沟北
Ⅵ-Ⅶ
锰矿带ZK01-51 碳质粉砂岩 13.1 58.96 4.51 0.44 0.44 0.58 5.13 1.49 0.06 0.38 0.67 8.64 2.90 4.95 ZK01-53 碳质粉砂岩 11.6 56.52 3.84 0.90 4.10 1.68 4.28 2.11 0.08 0.17 0.50 8.50 5.07 4.74 ZK01-56 碳质粉砂岩 12.1 60.34 4.63 0.57 0.90 0.82 4.73 1.86 0.09 0.29 0.64 8.75 1.31 5.20 ZK01-59 碳质粉砂岩 10.7 57.99 4.50 0.51 1.62 2.92 3.99 2.14 0.08 0.13 0.53 8.97 3.72 5.01 ZK01-65 碳质粉砂岩 13.59 59.61 4.14 0.56 0.55 0.94 4.95 1.91 0.11 0.29 0.65 8.70 1.18 4.70 ZK01-67 碳质粉砂岩 12.34 61.20 5.77 0.41 0.62 1.01 4.49 1.72 0.06 0.25 0.58 7.92 3.31 6.18 ZK01-49 硅质粉砂岩 14.17 70.11 3.47 0.43 0.08 0.14 5.86 1.54 0.09 0.08 0.64 1.64 0.14 3.90 ZK01-55.5 硅质粉砂岩 10.52 70.57 4.94 0.46 0.33 0.42 4.80 1.55 0.08 0.21 0.60 3.35 1.28 5.40 ZK01-61 硅质粉砂岩 10.64 70.64 3.79 0.33 0.15 0.46 3.92 1.45 0.06 0.10 0.48 4.98 2.57 4.12 注：#据张强等(2018）；##据李杰等(2023). 
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表 2 东昆仑锰矿围岩微量元素含量分析结果(10-6)
Table 2. Analysis results of trace elements in surrounding rock of East Kunlun manganese deposit (10-6)
矿床名称 检测项目 样品名称 Rb Ba Sr Cr Co Sc Ti Nb Ta Zr Hf U Th 三通沟
北锰矿ZK706-806 硅质粉砂岩 52.3 196 228 70.0 31.9 10.0 0.189 5.90 0.40 87.0 2.10 4.69 6.57 ZK706-829 硅质粉砂岩 87.3 285 56.0 70.0 39.7 9.80 0.197 7.20 0.56 70.0 1.80 3.44 9.23 ZK706-R1 碳质粉砂岩 66.5 173 50.3 90.0 48.2 13.5 0.263 10.8 0.79 97.0 2.50 3.56 13.3 ZK706-R2 碳质粉砂岩 74.5 189 38.7 120 71.5 14.8 0.306 11.6 0.87 113 3.00 3.41 14.4 ZK706-R3 碳质粉砂岩 70.0 202 54.1 110 80.4 14.6 0.299 12.8 0.90 114 3.00 3.64 14.7 ZK706-R5 碳质粉砂岩 68.2 205 25.1 90.0 38.4 10.7 0.222 8.30 0.63 75.0 1.90 3.73 9.80 ZK706-R4 硅质岩 12.2 67.5 23.0 50.0 57.4 3.70 0.075 3.60 0.21 36.0 0.80 4.51 3.30 STG-8B## 硅质岩 27.6 808 21.0 41.4 0.82 2.43 0.04 3.05 0.23 30.1 0.86 1.91 3.14 STG-9B-1## 硅质岩 21.8 347 77.4 33.7 0.92 1.65 0.03 1.86 0.14 20.1 0.51 1.55 1.90 STG-9B-3## 硅质岩 34.6 424 38.2 43.2 1.23 2.93 0.06 4.20 0.32 54.7 1.41 2.50 4.40 洪水河
铁锰矿HP1-1 变砂岩 156 3 080 102.5 80.0 43.6 19.0 0.406 18.8 1.36 304 7.20 2.06 14.6 HP1-3 变砂岩 341 1 000 109 40.0 56.7 17.8 0.34 12.6 0.93 174 4.30 1.17 9.55 HSH01-B10# 变粉砂岩 152 421 96.7 90.0 - - - 13.2 1.10 157 4.00 1.58 15.4 HSH02-B8# 变粉砂岩 159 484 134 80.0 - - - 12.5 1.10 147 3.80 1.55 14.5 HSH02-B9# 变粉砂岩 147 3 490 222 60.0 - - - 11.7 1.00 153 4.20 1.65 12.0 三通沟
北Ⅵ-Ⅶ锰矿带ZK01-51 碳质粉砂岩 134 1 140 69.3 100 23.8 11.6 0.38 18.7 1.12 166 4.50 13.9 19.9 ZK01-53 碳质粉砂岩 121 725 55.3 60.0 15.4 11.4 0.28 10.3 0.76 110 3.10 7.13 11.9 ZK01-56 碳质粉砂岩 128 881 54.3 90.0 22.6 12.0 0.35 15.2 1.10 147 4.10 10.8 16.1 ZK01-59 碳质粉砂岩 101 676 79.5 70.0 20.5 13.0 0.30 11.1 0.81 121 3.20 7.39 12.4 ZK01-65 碳质粉砂岩 135 715 64.2 90.0 22.2 14.6 0.36 14.3 1.06 152 4.20 9.93 17.1 ZK01-67 碳质粉砂岩 122 811 84.3 80.0 24.3 12.8 0.30 13.8 0.86 138 3.70 8.10 16.5 ZK01-49 硅质粉砂岩 145 1 530 63.0 90.0 11.3 12.2 0.36 15.4 1.08 146 3.90 10.1 14.3 ZK01-55.5 硅质粉砂岩 126 928 60.8 80.0 19.3 11.6 0.33 13.8 0.99 139 3.80 8.76 13.1 ZK01-61 硅质粉砂岩 102 729 31.7 70.0 18.0 9.00 0.28 10.7 0.81 112 3.00 5.40 12.3 注：#据张强等(2018)；##据李杰等(2023).单位：除Ti为10-2外，其他均为10-6；-.未检测.
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表 3 东昆仑锰矿稀土元素分析结果（10-6）
Table 3. Analysis results of rare earth elements in surrounding rock of East Kunlun manganese deposit (10-6)
矿区 编号 样品 La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Y Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Eu/Eu* Ce/Ce* Pr/Pr* 洪水河 HP1-1 变质砂岩 45.1 110 12.0 47.2 10.6 1.86 10.5 1.71 9.79 59.3 2.05 6.00 0.83 5.28 0.86 0.83 1.08 0.98 HP1-3 变质砂岩 37.3 105 9.61 35.2 7.37 1.73 7.95 1.21 7.59 42.6 1.37 3.84 0.61 3.68 0.66 1.06 1.28 0.92 HSH01-B10# 粉砂质千枚岩 42.7 106 9.36 36.5 7.52 1.58 7.29 1.17 6.67 37.8 1.30 2.78 0.56 3.64 0.55 1.00 1.22 0.88 HSH02-B8# 粉砂岩 38.6 94.7 8.66 33.8 7.01 1.39 6.71 1.04 6.40 37.3 1.27 3.58 0.55 3.61 0.55 0.95 1.20 0.90 HSH02-B9# 粉砂岩 33.5 72.1 7.75 29.3 6.37 1.29 6.08 1.03 6.09 38.1 1.21 3.60 0.58 3.70 0.61 0.97 1.03 0.99 三通沟Ⅵ-Ⅶ带 ZK01-51 碳质粉砂岩 51.4 90.5 11.0 41.6 6.92 1.19 3.97 0.44 2.30 13.2 0.48 1.61 0.25 1.74 0.31 1.05 0.88 1.05 ZK01-53 碳质粉砂岩 43.5 82.9 10.9 42.1 6.31 1.23 5.69 1.07 6.00 40.2 1.41 3.85 0.56 2.31 0.41 0.97 0.88 1.06 ZK01-56 碳质粉砂岩 41.2 82.9 9.68 36.5 6.88 1.22 4.63 0.56 2.95 17.0 0.62 1.96 0.30 1.99 0.35 1.01 0.96 1.04 ZK01-59 碳质粉砂岩 30.3 58.9 6.76 24.3 5.03 0.93 4.60 0.75 4.66 27.9 0.95 2.93 0.44 1.67 0.43 0.91 0.95 1.05 ZK01-65 碳质粉砂岩 50.4 90.5 9.65 46.2 7.49 1.20 6.30 1.07 6.34 43.2 1.46 4.07 0.55 2.14 0.40 0.82 0.94 0.87 ZK01-67 碳质粉砂岩 40.6 83.0 9.57 36.2 7.18 1.15 4.89 0.56 2.49 12.4 0.45 1.31 0.20 1.34 0.24 0.91 0.97 1.03 ZK01-61 硅质粉砂岩 22.7 43.2 4.98 18.1 3.51 0.58 2.93 0.44 2.70 16.5 0.56 1.66 0.26 1.60 0.27 0.85 0.94 1.05 ZK01-55.5 硅质粉砂岩 29.7 56.2 6.47 24.5 4.79 0.76 2.99 0.35 1.77 10.2 0.35 1.05 0.18 1.21 0.22 0.94 0.94 1.03 ZK01-49 硅质粉砂岩 50.7 106.0 11.90 43.8 8.00 0.99 5.52 0.80 4.88 32.7 1.03 3.02 0.42 2.43 0.41 0.70 1.00 1.03 三通沟北 ZK706-806 硅质粉砂岩 84.2 205 17.8 76.3 18.3 4.92 21.6 3.13 18.5 13.0 3.66 9.38 1.15 5.83 0.88 1.15 1.22 0.84 ZK706-829 硅质粉砂岩 22.1 49.0 5.23 19.5 3.99 0.69 3.32 0.53 3.16 16.8 0.61 1.73 0.26 1.61 0.26 0.89 1.05 0.99 ZK706-R1 碳质粉砂岩 34.1 91.4 8.06 30.2 5.88 1.19 5.18 0.75 4.33 23.4 0.84 2.40 0.34 2.09 0.33 1.02 1.27 0.90 ZK706-R2 碳质粉砂岩 30.4 78.4 6.96 26.1 5.03 0.94 4.34 0.63 3.73 20.6 0.75 2.20 0.34 2.24 0.37 0.95 1.24 0.90 ZK706-R3 碳质粉砂岩 55.4 142.5 11.70 44.6 8.33 1.47 7.37 1.09 6.39 35.2 1.25 3.52 0.53 3.15 0.51 0.88 1.29 0.85 ZK706-R5 碳质粉砂岩 30.0 78.3 6.77 25.9 5.13 0.93 4.46 0.66 4.01 21.5 0.81 2.35 0.34 2.12 0.35 0.92 1.27 0.88 ZK706-R4 硅质岩 28.6 52.0 6.26 25.9 5.52 0.95 5.37 0.78 4.80 29.4 0.98 2.71 0.37 2.19 0.35 0.82 0.90 1.00 STG-8B## 硅质岩 8.40 15.00 1.91 7.02 1.19 0.19 0.85 0.14 0.90 6.03 0.18 0.55 0.09 0.61 0.09 0.88 0.86 1.09 STG-9B-1## 硅质岩 5.99 11.88 1.53 5.68 1.00 0.19 0.80 0.13 0.76 5.03 0.16 0.49 0.07 0.51 0.07 1.01 0.90 1.09 STG-9B-3## 硅质岩 10.74 20.70 2.57 9.66 1.92 0.34 1.62 0.25 1.47 10.38 0.34 0.93 0.15 1.05 0.15 0.94 0.91 1.07 注：#据张强等(2018)；##据李杰等(2023)；(Pr/Pr*)PAAS = [2Pr/(Ce + Nd)]PAAS; (Ce/Ce*)PAAS = [2Ce/(La + Pr)]PAAS; (Eu/Eu*) PAAS = [2Eu/(Sm + Gd)]PAAS.
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表 4 东昆仑与其他地区典型锰矿地质特征对比
Table 4. Comparison of the geological characteristics of typical manganese deposits in East Kunlun and other region
锰矿床 时代与构造背景 沉积建造 沉积相与沉积环境 矿石组成与锰品位 成矿物质来源 成矿氧化还原条件 成矿主控因素 参考文献 三通沟北锰矿 奥陶-志留纪，活动大陆边缘弧后盆地 纳赤台群，细碎屑岩-硅质岩建造 斜坡-盆地相沉积 矿石主要呈纹层状；矿石矿物主要由菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿等组成；锰品位10%~25% 海底热液为主，少量陆源风化 海洋环境，具上部氧化下部还原的分层特征 弧后盆地；含碳黑色岩系；海底热液活动 刘永乐等(2023)；张连昌等(2023, 内部报告) 三通沟北Ⅵ-Ⅶ锰矿带 新元古代，被动陆缘裂陷盆地 万宝沟群，细碎屑岩-硅质岩建造 浅海台沟相环境 矿石主要呈纹层状；矿石矿物主要由菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿等组成；锰品位10%~18% 海底热液与陆源风化 海水具有氧化还原的分层特征 断陷盆地；含碳黑色岩系 张连昌等(2023, 内部
报告)洪水河铁锰矿 中元古代，活动大陆边缘弧后盆地 蓟县系狼牙山组细碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩组合 滨海-浅海环境 矿石呈纹层状和块状，少量脉状；主要由软锰矿、硬锰矿、蔷薇辉石、磁铁矿等组成；平均锰品位22.5% 海底热液为主，少量陆源风化 沉积成矿为氧化环境 砂岩-泥质岩的过渡部位；沉积-变质作用 王生明等(2018) 菜园子锰矿 新元古代，被动大陆边缘裂陷盆地 万宝沟群细碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩建造 滨海-浅海相台盆-台沟相沉积 矿石呈纹层状；主要由菱锰矿、软锰矿组成；锰矿品位10.3%~18.2% 海底热液与陆源风化 海水具有氧化还原的分层特征 白云岩-含碳泥质板岩过渡带 青海有色第一地质勘查院(2022).青海 浪木日锰矿 中元古代, 活动大陆边缘 蓟县系狼牙山组火山-沉积岩屑岩建造 海相，滨海-浅海环境环境 金属矿物以软锰矿、硬锰矿为主，少量水锰矿及蔷薇辉石；矿石品位为22%~32% 海相沉积，后期热液改造 海水具有上部氧化下部还原的分层特征 硅质岩与基性火山岩组合控矿；后期变质作用叠加 杨顺龙等(2022); 韩雷(2022) 哈莉哈德锰矿 奥陶-志留纪，活动大陆边缘 滩间山群，火山-沉积建造 浅海环境 矿石以条带状、网脉状构造为主；主要由蔷薇辉石、软锰矿和菱锰矿组成；矿石品位为15%~27% 海相沉积，后期热液改造成矿 沉积成矿为氧化环境 沉积-变质作用 党志刚和漆亮(2022) 西昆仑玛尔坎苏锰矿 晚石炭世；弧后裂谷盆地 浅海碳酸盐岩台地，含碳泥质灰岩夹薄层泥灰岩 开阔台地相与局限裂陷盆地 矿石主要呈块状及层纹状；主要组成矿物菱锰矿，次为水褐锰矿、软锰矿、硫锰矿、硅锰矿等；锰品位30%~35% 盆内海底热液为主，陆源风化为次，有机质参与 氧化-次氧化为主；成岩期富有机质参与转化为还原环境 海陆棚环境中的局部洼地 张连昌等(2020)；Li
et al. (2022);
Dong et al.(2023)贵州大塘坡锰矿 新元古代；扬子地块边缘裂陷，锰矿赋存于次级裂谷盆地中 海相黑色岩系沉积建造组合 主体为低能滞留缺氧水体的地堑盆地环境 矿石主要呈层状一似层状；主要由菱锰矿、钙菱锰矿、锰方解石、锰白云石、黄铁矿组成；锰品位10%~30% 在裂谷盆地背景下的甲烷渗漏提供锰质来源 锰矿初始富集处于氧化环境，成岩后进入富有机质沉积物还原环境 新元古代间冰期；同生深大断裂附近的地堑盆地 杜远生等(2015)；周琦等(2016)；Yu
et al. (2016)南非卡拉哈里锰矿 古元古代，南非卡普瓦尔克拉通裂谷盆地 古元古代条带状硅铁建造 浅海环境，周期性的海进-海退过程 以黑锰矿、铁锰矿、褐锰矿为主，其次菱锰矿、锰白云石、钙菱锰矿、软锰矿 海底热液喷气活动提供成矿物质 氧化还原分层，成矿期以氧化环境为主 古元古代间冰期; 裂谷盆地环境 Beukes et al.(2016)
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