Characterization of Minerals and Elements in Surface Soils from Mars-like Qaidam Landforms through Multi-Spectroscopic Techniques
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摘要: 火星表面具有丰富的古代水活动历史，可能曾具有较宜居的环境，一直是行星科学和深空探测的研究热点.我国青藏高原东北部的柴达木盆地气候寒冷干旱，地表受到的辐射较强且盐度较高，发育了多种与火星相似的地貌，被认为是开展火星类比研究的理想区域.综合利用短波红外光谱、激光诱导击穿光谱、X射线衍射、X射线荧光光谱等技术手段，结合遥感影像数据，分析了柴达木盆地典型类火星地貌（冲积扇、沙丘、泥石流、冲沟、雅丹、盐滩、多边形等）表层土壤样品的光谱特征以及矿物和元素组成，揭示出柴达木盆地类火星地貌的矿物组成主要包括石英、钠长石、石膏、方解石，以及部分伊利石、绿泥石、微斜长石和岩盐等.其中，雅丹和冲积扇地貌具有较好的碳酸盐、黏土矿物和有机物保存潜力.本研究为从比较行星学角度解译火星古水文地貌的原位光谱数据和地球化学分析提供了参考.Abstract: The surface of Mars has been sculpted by a diversity of long-lasting aqueous systems and likely had a more habitable environment in the past. During recent decades, the ancient habitable environments and evolutionary history of Mars have been interesting topics of planetary science research and deep space exploration. The Qaidam Basin, located on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, has been considered to be an ideal analog to ancient Mars due to its limited aqueous activity, coldness, aridity, and high UV radiation. This study combined remote sensing image analysis, short-wave infrared spectroscopy, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence to analyze the spectral characteristics and mineral and elemental compositions of surface soils sampled from representative Mars-like landforms (including alluvial fan, dune, debris flow, gully, yardang, playa, and polygon) across the Qaidam Basin. Results of this study reveal that the mineral composition of Mars-like Qaidam landforms is primarily composed of quartz, albite, gypsum, and calcite, as well as illite, chlorite, microcline, and halite. Samples from the yardang and alluvial fan demonstrated their high preservation capacities of carbonates, clay minerals, and organic matter. These findings offer valuable insights for the interpretation of in-situ spectroscopic data and environmental chemical analyses of paleohydrologic settings on Mars from the perspective of comparative planetology.
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Key words:
- Qaidam Basin /
- Mars-like landform /
- spectroscopy /
- geochemistry /
- paleohydrology
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图 1 柴达木盆地所处位置(a)及采样点分布（b）
底图下载自Natural Earth：
https://www.naturalearthdata.com/ . 1.冲积扇；2.泥石流；3.雅丹；4.沙丘；5.冲沟；6.多边形；7.盐滩Fig. 1. Geographic location of the Qaidam Basin (a) and spatial distribution of sampling sites (b)
图 2 柴达木盆地典型类火星地貌表层土壤样品的元素组成及含量
Fig. 2. Elemental compositions and contents of surface soil samples from representative Mars-like landforms in the Qaidam Basin
图 3 MarSCoDe备份件在实验室模拟火星环境中测量得到的柴达木盆地类火星地貌表层土壤样品的LIBS光谱（a~c）和基于LIBS结果的代表性类火星地貌表层土壤中主量元素相对于氧信号的相对丰度（d）
a. 紫外（240~340 nm）；b.可见光（340~540 nm）；c.近红外（540~850 nm）
Fig. 3. LIBS spectra of surface soil samples from the Qaidam Basin measured by the MarSCoDe prototype in a simulated Martian environment (a~c) and relative compositional ratios of major elements to oxygen in surface soils of Mars-like landforms based on LIBS results (d)
图 4 柴达木盆地典型类火星地貌表层土壤样品的XRD结果
Fig. 4. XRD-based mineral compositions of surface soil samples in the Qaidam Basin
图 5 柴达木盆地典型类火星地貌表层土壤样品（a）SWIR光谱与（b）伊利石、石膏、绿泥石、方解石、石英和岩盐的实验室光谱的比较
图b数据来源于USGS光谱库
http://speclab.cr.usgs.gov/spectral-lib.html . 为了更好地展示和比较，对光谱进行了排序和垂向偏移Fig. 5. SWIR spectra of (a) surface soil samples in the Qaidam Basin and (b) laboratory-measured illite, gypsum, chlorite, calcite, quartz, and halite
图 6 柴达木盆地典型类火星地貌表层土壤样品的碳酸盐含量
Fig. 6. Carbonate contents in surface soil samples of Mars-like landforms in the Qaidam Basin
图 7 柴达木盆地典型类火星地貌表层土壤样品采样点地区基于遥感分析得到的碳酸盐矿物分布
Fig. 7. Distributions of carbonate minerals in Mars-like surface soil samples across the Qaidam Basin based on remote sensing analyses
表 1 柴达木盆地典型类火星地貌表层土壤样品的元素组成及含量
Table 1. Elemental compositions of surface soil samples from representative Mars-like landforms in the Qaidam Basin
样品名称 SiO2
(%)TiO2
(%)Al2O3
(%)TFe2O3
(%)MnO
(%)MgO
(%)CaO
(%)Na2O
(%)K2O
(%)P2O5
(%)LOI
(%)TOTAL
(%)冲积扇 54.58 0.61 13.03 5.12 0.09 3.30 8.12 2.27 2.78 0.14 9.36 99.40 沙丘 72.57 0.27 10.93 1.83 0.03 1.19 3.64 2.83 2.90 0.07 3.22 99.49 泥石流 68.73 0.39 9.48 2.83 0.05 1.80 5.73 2.39 2.04 0.09 5.86 99.39 冲沟 67.25 0.24 11.34 1.66 0.04 0.99 6.26 2.92 3.18 0.07 3.96 97.90 雅丹 38.38 0.45 9.25 3.79 0.06 8.48 11.50 3.54 3.14 0.13 21.67 100.38 盐滩 48.12 0.39 7.07 2.02 0.04 3.00 14.22 1.91 1.66 0.09 8.99 87.51 多边形 20.15 0.19 3.91 1.28 0.03 2.65 23.28 5.01 0.85 0.06 15.16 72.56 样品名称 SO3
(%)Ba
(10‒6)Co
(10‒6)Cr
(10‒6)Cu
(10‒6)Ni
(10‒6)Rb
(10‒6)Sr
(10‒6)V
(10‒6)Zr
(10‒6)Zn
(10‒6)冲积扇 0.41 565.3 14.1 72.2 26.6 30.7 131.9 244.3 85.9 143.7 82.4 沙丘 0.20 594.6 11.9 37.5 3.4 2.4 133.2 209.8 37.1 102.6 27.6 泥石流 1.19 459.8 14.4 136.7 7.9 32.7 91.2 238.6 49.7 123.6 40.9 冲沟 ~2.29 680.7 2.5 70.7 -0.4 7.3 125.4 301.4 23.0 97.4 25.6 雅丹 1.87 567.1 12.5 70.5 21.5 25.8 95.7 589.3 71.5 122.8 55.4 盐滩 ~11.27 496.5 1.7 35.5 3.7 -0.2 95.5 587.9 34.6 300.4 24.9 多边形 ~27.30 259.5 6.4 55.5 4.2 13.9 51.8 1050.5 23.5 83.2 19.3 
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表 2 利用SPCA方法计算碳酸盐矿物在ASTER 10、13和14波段的特征向量矩阵
Table 2. Eigenvector matrix of carbonate minerals calculated using the selective principal components analysis (SPCA) method for the selected Bands 10, 13 and 14 of ASTER data
特征向量 10波段 13波段 14波段 PC1 -0.654 594 -0.545 488 -0.523 402 1 PC2 -0.741 474 0.328 284 0.585 190 PC3 0.147 389 -0.771 150 0.619 357 PC1 -0.594 574 -0.574 426 -0.562 598 2 PC2 -0.743 077 0.125 307 0.657 369 PC3 0.307 113 -0.808 908 0.501 347
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