Structural Surface Roughness Based on UAV High Density Point Cloud Fractal Characteristics and Anisotropy
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摘要: 为研究岩体结构面各向异性对粗糙度评价的影响，以藏东南某铁路察达工点高陡斜坡为研究对象，运用无人机综合摄影测量技术，提取研究区结构面高密度点云并剪裁结构面轮廓线，采用修正直边法与盒维数法求算粗糙度系数JRC与分形维数D，拟合JRC与D的新公式并利用数字化Barton标准线验证.选取压剪性和拉张性结构面各15个，运用新公式计算各采样方向的JRC.结果表明：压剪性结构面粗糙度各向异性规律显著，整体上JRC由剪切滑动方向至垂直剪切滑动方向递增，呈椭圆状分布；拉张性结构面粗糙度存在各向异性但无明显规律，JRC随采样角度变化波动较大，呈刺状分布.证明不同力学成因的结构面JRC各向异性存在差异，在评价粗糙度时应遵循不同采样规则.Abstract: To study the influence of anisotropy of rock mass structural plane on roughness evaluation, taking the rock mass on the high and steep slope of a railway Chada site in southeast Tibet as the research object, the integrated photogram technology of unmanned aerial vehicle was used to extract the high-density point cloud of the structural plane in the study area and cut the outline of the structural plane. The roughness coefficient JRC and fractal dimension D were calculated by the modified straight edge method and the box dimension method respectively. The new JRC and D formulas are fitted and verified by digital Barton standard lines. 15 structural planes formed under shear and tension were selected and the new formula was used to calculate the JRC in large quantities. The results show that the shear surface roughness is anisotropic, and the JRC is smaller along the shear direction, larger along the vertical shear direction, and the fluctuation with sampling angle is small. The tensile surface roughness also has anisotropy but no obvious rule, and JRC fluctuates greatly with sampling angle. It is proved that the JRC anisotropy of structural planes with different mechanical origin is also different, and different sampling rules should be followed when evaluating roughness.
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图 1 研究区地理位置、地形地貌与斜坡全貌
a.研究区地理位置图；b.研究区地形地貌图；c.研究区高陡斜坡全貌图
Fig. 1. Geographical location, landform and slope overall appearance of the study area
图 2 多角度贴近摄影测量消除摄影盲区
Fig. 2. Multi-angle proximity photogrammetry eliminates photographic blind spots
图 3 无人机摄影航线设计图与高精度三维模型
a.无人机摄影测量航线设计图；b.研究区高精度三维模型
Fig. 3. UAV photography route design diagram and high-precision 3D model
图 4 不同出露形式结构面解译示意图
a.线状出露结构面；b.面状出露结构面；c.阶梯式出露结果；d.混合式出露结构面
Fig. 4. Interpretation diagram of different exposure structures
图 12 压剪性与拉张性结构面成因示意图
a.压剪性结构面；b.拉张性结构面
Fig. 12. Genetic diagram of compressive shear and tensile structural plane
图 15 压剪性与拉张性结构面粗糙度各向异性图
a.压剪性结构面J1~J15；b.拉张性结构面L1~L15
Fig. 15. Anisotropy of compressive shear and tensile structural planes
图 16 结构面JRC各向异性统计直方图
a.JRC平均值；b.JRC方差；c.JRC极差；d.JRC平均变化量
Fig. 16. Statistical histograms of structural plane JRC anisotropy
表 1 无人机和相机相关参数
Table 1. UAV and camera related parameters
大疆M300-RTK无人机 禅思P1相机 无人机总重(kg) 6.3 重量(g) 800 最大飞行时长(min) 55 相机尺寸(mm) 198×166×129 最大可承受风速(m/s) 15 传感器面积(mm2) 35.9×24 RTK垂直精度 1.5 cm+1 ppm 镜头焦距(mm) 35 RTK水平精度 1.0 cm+1 ppm 工作温度(℃) -20~50 
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表 2 研究区结构面优势分组统计
Table 2. Grouping statistics of structural plane dominance in the study area
组号 平均倾向(°) 平均倾角(°) 结构面数 1 128 76 354 2 242 69 408 3 197 82 278 4 216 7 455
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表 3 分形维数D与粗糙度系数JRC计算结果
Table 3. Calculation results of fractal dimension D and roughness coefficient JRC
编号 分形维数D JRC 编号 分形维数D JRC 1 1.010 6 5.339 2 26 1.017 9 11.836 7 2 1.011 5 5.715 3 27 1.018 2 12.024 6 3 1.012 2 5.966 7 28 1.0184 12.327 3 4 1.013 1 6.322 9 29 1.018 4 12.119 3 5 1.013 3 7.129 5 30 1.018 6 13.376 4 6 1.013 9 7.658 0 31 1.018 8 12.958 8 7 1.014 1 7.925 4 32 1.018 8 13.112 7 8 1.014 2 8.394 2 33 1.019 1 13.813 9 9 1.014 2 7.862 1 34 1.019 1 14.199 2 10 1.014 3 8.567 6 35 1.019 3 14.219 6 11 1.014 5 8.482 7 36 1.018 9 14.403 8 12 1.014 6 8.601 4 37 1.019 8 15.002 2 13 1.015 3 9.183 5 38 1.019 9 14.892 8 14 1.015 5 9.956 5 39 1.020 5 15.383 5 15 1.015 5 10.039 8 40 1.020 7 15.402 3 16 1.015 7 9.822 4 41 1.020 9 15.118 9 17 1.016 2 10.054 7 42 1.021 2 15.944 7 18 1.015 5 10.139 6 43 1.021 5 16.325 7 19 1.015 9 10.336 2 44 1.022 8 17.286 4 20 1.015 8 10.932 0 45 1.023 3 18.863 0 21 1.016 5 11.122 4 46 1.023 6 19.005 3 22 1.016 7 11.197 1 47 1.023 6 19.553 7 23 1.017 0 12.335 4 48 1.023 7 18.726 5 24 1.017 3 11.446 5 49 1.024 1 19.865 7 25 1.017 6 11.638 1 50 1.024 3 19.066 2
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