Fracture Propagation Characteristics and Catastrophic Modes of Fractured Rock in Alpine Region under Climate Change
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摘要: 气候变化下高寒区裂隙岩石受长期冻融循环作用而产生劣化，极易诱发边坡突发失稳.为分析其冻融循环作用下的破裂机制及相应的致灾模式，开展了高寒区现场破坏模式调查及不同裂隙长度的寒区花岗岩与石英砂岩冻融循环试验，借助声发射系统和应变测试系统分析了端部裂隙扩展全过程的声发射和微应变曲线变化规律，基于试验和理论讨论了灾害形成机制.结果表明：高寒区冻融作用下的裂隙岩石致灾模式包含冻胀型、融沉型、冻融循环型三大类.针对于广泛发育的冻胀型模式设计的岩石试验结果显示，随着冻融循环次数的增加，试样的裂纹均从裂隙端部垂直向下扩展，无偏转、次生现象，花岗岩试样初期裂纹扩展更为明显，但石英砂岩裂隙会更早贯通.花岗岩声发射计数突增现象前期出现多，后期出现少，最大微应变呈现台阶式增大现象.石英砂岩声发射计数前期趋于平稳，随冻融次数增多，计数频率迅速增加，最大微应变呈现由初期平稳变化到快速升高趋势.断裂力学分析表明冻融条件下裂隙岩体的扩展特征主要受岩性和裂隙长度的影响，因此高寒区灾害的形成受控于岩性和裂隙扩展.研究结果为寒区裂隙岩体破裂演化及致灾模式提供理论依据.Abstract: Under the influence of climate change, frost-weathered rock masses in high-altitude regions are prone to deterioration due to long-term freeze-thaw cycles. This deterioration can lead to sudden slope instability. To analyze the fracture mechanisms and corresponding hazard patterns under freeze-thaw cycles, it conducted field investigations on failure modes in high-altitude regions and freeze-thaw tests on fractured granite and quartz sandstone with varying crack lengths. By utilizing acoustic emission (AE) systems and strain testing systems, it analyzed the entire process of crack propagation at the end of the fissures, observing AE and microstrain curve variations. Based on experimental and theoretical discussions, it identified three main hazard patterns for fractured rock masses under freeze-thaw conditions: frost heaving, thaw subsidence, and freeze-thaw cycling. For the widely observed frost heaving pattern, the rock sample tests revealed that crack propagation occurred vertically downward from the crack ends, without deviation or secondary phenomena. While granite samples exhibited more pronounced initial crack propagation, quartz sandstone fissures tended to connect earlier. The AE count for granite showed an initial increase followed by a decrease, while quartz sandstone exhibited a steady count initially, which rapidly increased with more freeze-thaw cycles. Fracture mechanics analysis indicates that the expansion characteristics of fissured rock masses under freeze-thaw conditions are primarily influenced by rock type and crack length. Consequently, the formation of hazards in high-altitude regions is controlled by rock type and crack propagation. The research provides a theoretical basis for understanding the evolution of fractured rock masses and their hazard patterns in cold regions.
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图 1 川西高寒区深切河谷
a.大渡河“V”型峡谷；b.雅砻江河谷地貌；c.金沙江“V”型深切峡谷
Fig. 1. Deep-cut valley area along the West Sichuan alpine region
图 2 川西高寒区冻融风化现象
a.冻融形成的镶嵌状岩体（引自，张广泽等，2022）；b.浅表层冻融溜滑；c.砂板岩冻融剥离
Fig. 2. The phenomenon of freeze-thaw weathering along the West Sichuan alpine region
图 4 试验试样及试验方法
a.预制裂隙试样（图左两个样为石英砂岩，其余为花岗岩）；b.方法；c.冻融冰箱；d.声发射系统
Fig. 4. Test samples and test methods
图 6 不同冻融周期下最大微应变曲线
Fig. 6. Maximum microstrain curves under different freeze-thaw cycles
图 7 时间-振铃计数、累计能量及裂纹扩展
a. 裂隙长7 cm（花岗岩）；b.裂隙长10 cm（花岗岩）；c.裂隙长10 cm（石英砂岩）
Fig. 7. AE count, energy rate and crack propagation changes with time
图 8 振铃计数、累计能量与微应变-时间曲线
a.裂隙长7 cm（花岗岩）；b.裂隙长10 cm（花岗岩）；c.裂隙长10 cm（石英砂岩）
Fig. 8. AE count, energy rate and micro strain changes with time
图 9 冻融作用下裂隙尖端应力场示意图
Fig. 9. Stress field diagram of crack tip under freeze-thaw action
表 1 冻融条件下的致灾模式及地质特征
Table 1. Disaster patterns and geological characteristics under freeze-thaw conditions
类型 机制及地质特征 典型点位 冻胀型 冻胀-劈裂-滑移型 顺层结构面坡体，在长期卸荷作用下形成大量平行于坡面的竖向裂隙，在冻胀作用下，后缘裂隙劈裂，进一步扩展，前缘滑移，形成统一的滑面下滑.通常表现为后缘陡壁，滑面光滑，滑出一定距离的特征 
康定瓦斯沟冻胀-劈裂-坠落型 反倾向或横向结构坡体，在长期卸荷作用下形成大量平行于坡面的竖向裂隙，在冻胀作用下，后缘裂隙劈裂，进一步扩展，并向临空面挤压，产生倾倒破坏.通常表现为后缘陡壁，岩层中上部被折断、倾倒，未倾倒岩体可见清晰张性折断面的特征 
康定新都桥冻胀-劈裂-倾倒型 反倾向或横向结构坡体，在长期卸荷作用下形成大量平行于坡面的竖向裂隙，在冻胀作用下，后缘裂隙劈裂，进一步扩展，产生贯通型裂隙，从而直接坠落.通常表现为后缘陡壁，堆积坡脚的特征 
理塘所底村融沉型 融沉-滑移型 横向结构坡体结构面的软硬岩互层坡体或含软弱夹层坡体，在热融作用下，软弱层产生压缩变形，向临空面挤出，直接导致上覆岩体产生滑移.通常表现为滑面光滑的特征 
雅安红层区融沉-塑流-拉裂型 水平层面或横向结构面的软硬岩互层坡体或含软弱夹层坡体，在热融作用下，软弱层产生压缩变形，向临空面挤出，导致上部硬层从下往上的拉裂解体.通常表现为多级滑动的特征 
巴塘列衣乡融沉-弯曲-拉裂型 反倾向结构面的软硬岩互层坡体或含软弱夹层坡体，在热融作用下，软弱层产生压缩变形，向临空面挤出，导致上覆较硬层弯曲拉裂，解体，产生倾倒破坏.通常表现为后缘多级的弯曲拉裂，岩层中上部被折断、倾倒，未倾倒岩体可见清晰张性折断面的特征 
雅安大鱼溪冻融循环型 冻融循环-剥蚀型 表层没有明显的卸荷裂隙，在长期的冻融循环下岩体强度降低，岩体碎裂化，从而产生破表的剥蚀剥离 
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表 2 随冻融次数增加裂隙端部裂纹扩展特征描述
Table 2. Description of crack growth characteristics with increasing freeze-thaw cycles
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