Holocene Depositional Environment Evolution at Mulanxi Estuary in Fujian Province: Evidences from XRF Core Scanning
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摘要: 为精确刻画和揭示强潮控山溪性河流河口全新世的沉积环境演化特征和控制因素，本研究选取福建中部潮控型山溪性河流——木兰溪河口的钻孔（MLX-S）为研究对象，在运用放射性14C和光释光建立沉积年代框架基础上，开展了沉积物粒度、XRF岩心扫描及ICP-OES元素分析.研究发现，全新世木兰溪河口相继发育河流相、滨岸沼泽相、浅海相到潮控河口相，沉积环境演变主要受控于研究区的相对海平面变化.福建中部沿岸的相对海平面高度在9.0 ka左右，约为-20 m；此后海侵不断扩大，至5.8 ka左右海平面达到最大高度，随后缓慢下降至今.岩心高分辨率XRF扫描的元素相对强度数据校正后可指示沉积物的物源及古环境变化.钻孔的K/Ti比值表明，约8.8 ka以来，木兰溪河口沉积物主要为流域剥蚀产物和口外长江源细粒物质的混合；岩心Fe/Ti比值在约3.6 ka、4.3 ka、5.4 ka和6.0 ka 4个东亚冬季风较强时期均达到峰值且与东海内陆架泥质沉积记录一致，指示浙闽沿岸流强度的影响.揭示了我国东南沿海潮控型山溪性河口的河海相互作用特征，以及全新世季风-海平面变化驱动下的长江源细粒沉积物在陆架海复杂的源汇沉积过程，也拓展了XRF岩心扫描方法在海陆相互作用强烈的大陆边缘地区应用潜力.Abstract: To investigate the depositional environment evolution and controlling factors of a mountainous river estuary during the Holocene, in this study it selected a drilling core (MLX-S) from the river mouth of Mulanxi, a tidal-controlled mountainous river in central Fujian Province, China. The core was subjected to radiocarbon dating, optically stimulated luminescence dating, grain size analysis, XRF core scanning, and ICP-OES elemental measurements. During the Holocene, the Mulanxi estuary experienced a transition from fluvial facies to riparian marsh facies, shallow marine facies, and finally to tide-controlled estuarine facies. The sedimentary environment evolution was primarily influenced by relative sea-level changes in the study area. The relative sea level along the coast of central Fujian is around 9.0 ka and about -20 m. Subsequently, the marine transgression reached the strongest and the maximum sea level occurred around 5.8 ka, followed by a slow decline till the present. High-resolution XRF core scanning data, after calibration of element relative intensities, can indicate sediment provenance and paleoenvironmental changes. The downcore variation of K/Ti ratio suggests that since 8.8 ka, the sediments in the Mulanxi Estuary were mainly derived from a mixture source of local basin erosion and fine offshore material from the Changjiang (Yangtze River). The core Fe/Ti ratio reached its peak in four strong East Asian winter monsoon periods of about 3.6 ka, 4.3 ka, 5.4 ka and 6.0 ka, corresponding to periods of strong East Asian winter monsoon, which is consistent with the sedimentary records on the East China Sea inner shelf and tightly related to the changes of Min-Zhe coastal current intensity. This study reveals the typical river-sea interaction in the tide-controlled mountainous estuaries along the southeastern coast of China, and suggests the complex source-sink transport processes of Changjiang-derived fine sediments on the continental shelf driven by the Holocene monsoon and sea level changes. This study also promotes the potential application of XRF core scanning in the continental margin where has the unique sedimentary dynamics and environmental changes.
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Key words:
- Mulanxi River /
- Holocene /
- XRF core scanning /
- sedimentary environment /
- sea level change /
- East Asian winter monsoon /
- marine geology
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图 1 木兰溪地理位置(a)和流域地质及MLX-S钻孔位置(b)(修改自Li et al., 2021)
Fig. 1. Location of the Mulanxi River (a) and geological map of the Mulanxi and location of the MLX-S core (b) (modified from Li et al., 2021)
图 2 MLX-S钻孔典型岩心照片和沉积岩性特征
其中空洞为OSL定年取样
Fig. 2. Typical core photographs of MLX-S core and lithological composition
图 3 木兰溪河口MLX-S钻孔岩性、年代、沉积速率、粒度及地球化学指标综合图
a.岩性柱状图；b.粒度组成；c.14C和光释光测年以及Bacon模型拟合；d.沉积速率（根据14C测年）；e.平均粒径；f.扫描Sr/Ca元素比值；其中U1-U6为不同的沉积相
Fig. 3. Lithology and dating, sedimentation rate, grain size and geochemical indexes of the MLX-S core
图 4 MLX-S钻孔的XRF岩心扫描获得Cl元素强度变化
Fig. 4. Variation of Cl element intensity in the MLX-S core based on the XRF core scanning
图 5 MLX-S钻孔XRF岩心扫描元素强度与校正数据比较
图中黑线为ICP-OES测得元素含量，蓝线为MLC方法校正后的元素含量
Fig. 5. Element intensity and correction data of XRF core scanning in MLX-S core
图 7 全新世木兰溪河口沉积地球化学组成指示物源及东亚冬季风演变
a.图中蓝线为东海内陆架泥质区MD3040孔的K/Ti比值，数据来自Yang et al.（2015），黑线为本文MLX-S钻孔的K/Ti比值数据来自Yang et al.（2015）；b.图中黑线为本文MLX钻孔的Fe/Ti比值，蓝线为东海内陆架泥质区MD3040孔的K/Ti比值；PC-6孔敏感组分粒径和EC2005岩心沉积物平均粒径作为东亚冬季风的替代性指标，数据来自肖尚斌等（2005），Xu et al.（2009）
Fig. 7. Geochemical composition of Mulanxi River estuary during the Holocene indicates provenance and evolution of East Asian winter monsoon
表 1 MLX-S钻孔AMS 14C测年结果
Table 1. AMS 14C dating results of the MLX-S core
实验室编号 样品 深度(cm) 测年材料 δ13C(‰) 常规年龄(B.P.) 年代结果(cal B.P.) Beta-522922 MLX-S-151 150~151 植物碎屑 -25.9 220 ± 30 179.5±35.5 Beta-522923 MLX-S-358 357~358 生物贝壳 -0.5 1 640 ± 30 1 203±73 Beta-522925 MLX-S-903 902~903 生物贝壳 -1.9 2 140 ± 30 1 547.5±148.5 Beta-522926 MLX-S-1040 1 039~1 040 生物贝壳 1.8 2 250 ± 30 1 853.5±92.5 Beta-522928 MLX-S-1161 1 160~1 161 生物贝壳 -0.5 4 640 ± 30 4 877±76 Beta-522929 MLX-S-1283 1 282~1283 植物碎屑 -26.9 7 340 ± 30 8 117±84 Beta-522930 MLX-S-1398 1 397~1 398 植物碎屑 -26.6 7 420 ± 30 8 254.5±73.5 Beta-522931 MLX-S-1565 1 564~1 565 植物碎屑 -28.3 7 690 ± 30 8 479.5±62.5 Beta-522932 MLX-S-1845 1 844~1 845 植物碎屑 -27.1 8 010 ± 30 8 890±117 
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表 2 MLX-S钻孔光释光测年(OSL)结果
Table 2. OSL dating results of the MLX-S core
实验室编号 样品 深度(cm) U (10-6) Th (10-6) K (%) 含水量(%) 年代结果(B.P.) L648 MLXS-OSL17 1 429 ± 5 3.37 ±0.05 12.26 ±0.16 1.94 ±0.01 54 8 100~9 100 L649 MLXS-OSL21 1 827 ± 5 4.30±0.06 15.44±0.20 1.91 ±0.01 45 9 100~10 300 L650 MLXS-OSL22 1 927 ± 5 5.74 ±0.09 21.89 ±0.29 2.23 ±0.02 28 10 600~12 000 L651 MLXS-OSL23 1 957 ± 5 6.37 ±0.09 22.16 ±0.29 2.47 ±0.02 26 9800~11 000 L652 MLXS-OSL26 2 166 ± 5 6.39 ±0.10 24.75 ±0.32 2.43 ±0.02 28 9 600~10 800 L653 MLXS-OSL27 2 270 ± 6 5.25±0.08 22.58±0.30 2.31 ±0.02 26 10 200~11 600 L654 MLXS-OSL28 2 318 ± 5 1.49 ±0.02 6.51±0.09 1.82 ±0.01 20 11 100~12 300
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