Growth Processes and Mechanism of Polygonal Faults
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摘要: 多边形断层广泛发育在大陆边缘沉积盆地中，但是目前对于多边形断层的生长过程和机制尚不清楚.本研究基于高精度三维地震资料，刻画了新西兰大南盆地中多边形断层系统的特征，剖析了其生长过程，并建立其生长模式.根据研究区多边形断层的几何特征，新西兰大南盆地中多边形断层可以划分为Tier1和Tier2两个层段.多边形断层落差剖面主要为“C”型、双“C”型和“B”型.结合断层的几何及生长特征，本研究提出了跨层段多边形断层的生长模式：多边形断层首先在下部层段的中心成核，并向各个方向生长；经过一段平静期后，多边形断层在新（上部）层段的中心成核；上覆层段中的多边形断层与下伏层段中的多边形断层逐渐联通，形成中继结构和跨层的“大断层”.本研究揭示了多边形断层的生长机制，明确了断层的成核、生长和停止生长等生长过程，相关研究成果能够服务于油气勘探开发及防灾减灾等.Abstract: Polygonal faults are widely developed in continental sedimentary basins. However, their growth processes and mechanism are still unclear. Based on high-resolution 3D seismic data in the Great South Basin of New Zealand, in this study it focuses on the characteristics, growth processes and growth pattern of polygonal faults. According to the geometric characteristics of polygonal faults, they are divided into two tiers (Tier1 and Tier2). The throw profiles of polygonal faults are "C" type, double "C" type and "B" type. According to the geometric and growth characteristics, it proposes the growth pattern of cross-layer polygonal faults. Polygonal faults initially nucleated at the center of the lower layer (Tier1) and grew in all directions. Following a period of quiescence, polygonal faults nucleated in the center of the new (upper) layer (Tier2). Polygonal faults in the overlying layer were gradually connected with those in the underlying layer, forming the relay zones and a cross-layer "large fault". This study reveals the growth processes of polygonal faults such as nucleation, growth and cessation. The related research results can contribute to the hydrocarbon exploration and development, disaster prevention and mitigation.
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Key words:
- polygonal faults /
- geometric features /
- growth process /
- New Zealand /
- Great South basin /
- submarine geology /
- sedimentology
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图 1 新西兰大南盆地沉积厚度及三维地震资料位置(据Cao et al.，2023b改)
Fig. 1. Sedimentary thickness and 3D seismic data location of the Great South basin, New Zealand (modified from Cao et al., 2023b)
图 2 大南盆地地层柱状图(据Cao et al.，2023a改)
Fig. 2. Stratigraphic histogram of the Great South basin (modified from Cao et al., 2023a)
图 3 研究区内多边形断层地震剖面特征(a)和层段划分(b)
剖面位置见图 1，剖面垂直拉伸率为5
Fig. 3. Seismic profile (a) and its interpretation (b) of polygonal faults and horizons in the study area
图 4 大南盆地多边形断层沿层（T10、H1、H2、H3、H4和T50）方差切片特征及其对应的走向玫瑰花图
不同层位的方差切片显示多边形断层的连通性、密度和平面形态等均有较大的变化；走向玫瑰花图显示多边形断层无优势走向
Fig. 4. Variance slice characteristics of polygonal faults along horizons (T10, H1, H2, H3, H4 and T50) and corresponding rose plots of the polygonal faults strikes in the Great South basin
图 5 多边形断层F1和F2在不同深度（双程走时单位为毫秒（ms））的方差切片特征
a位置见图 1；b~d为断层F1的方差切片；e~g为断层F2的方差切片
Fig. 5. Variance slice characteristics of polygonal faults F1 and F2 at different depths (TWT unit is milliseconds (ms))
图 6 多边形断层F1和F2的典型剖面
a. F1-1~F1-4剖面为沿断层F1的SW-NE走向解释的典型剖面；b. F2-1~F2-4剖面为沿断层F2的SSW-NNE走向解释的典型剖面
Fig. 6. Typical seismic profiles of polygonal faults F1 and F2
图 7 多边形断层落差分布及落差剖面特征
a、b. 断层F1和F2的落差分布图；c. 沿断层F1的SW-NE走向逐线解释的落差剖面，并按解释的剖面顺序将其落差特征分类；d. 沿断层F2的SSW-NNE走向逐线解释的落差剖面，并按解释的剖面顺序将其落差特征分类.在同一断层面内，具有多个落差较大值，“C”型、“B”型和双“C”型落差剖面组合出现
Fig. 7. Polygonal faults throw distribution and throw-depth profile
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