Species and Distribution of Extraterrestrial Organic Matter and Its Astrobiological Significance
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摘要: 回顾了地外有机物的探测历程和地外样品中有机物的研究进展，探讨了星际介质和地外天体与地外样品中有机物的种类、结构、化学成分、同位素组成等特征，旨在梳理地外有机物的成因及其相关的科学问题，并探究其天体生物学的启示.星际介质普遍存在有机分子，指示宇宙空间中的有机物具有普遍性，并非地球或太阳系独有.碳质球粒陨石中发现羧酸、氨基酸、醇醛酮等有机物种类.随着深空探测技术的发展，火星大气中检测到甲烷的波动，土卫六表面广泛覆盖的液态碳氢化合物，彗星上探测到甘氨酸，小行星返回样品中发现存在氨基酸，这些研究指示太阳系可能广泛分布着有机物，为探寻地外生命和揭示生命起源提供了重要线索.Abstract: In this review it focuses on the detection history and research progress of extraterrestrial organic matter, exploring the species, structures, chemical compositions, and isotopic compositions of organic matter in the interstellar medium, extraterrestrial bodies, and extraterrestrial samples. The goal is to comprehend the origins of extraterrestrial organic matter, to address the related scientific issues and to explore its implications for astrobiology. The widespread distribution of organic molecules in the interstellar medium suggests that organic matter is not exclusive to Earth or the Solar System, but rather is present throughout the universe. Carbonaceous chondrites contain a variety of organic substances, including alcohols, amino acids, and carboxylic acids. The progress in space exploration has led to remarkable findings, including the detection of methane fluctuations in the Martian atmosphere, widespread coverage of liquid hydrocarbons on Titan's surface, the glycine in the comets, and the confirmation of extraterrestrial amino acids in asteroidal samples. These recent discoveries indicate that organic matter may be widely distributed throughout the Solar System and provide critical insights into the search for extraterrestrial life and the origins of life.
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Key words:
- extraterrestrial organic matter /
- chemical composition /
- solar system /
- origin of life /
- geochemistry /
- astrobiology
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图 1 球粒陨石群IOM的N和H相对含量元素及其同位素组成特征
a.球粒陨石群中IOM的氢同位素组成与氢含量（N/C atomic）b.球粒陨石群中IOM的氮同位素组成与氮含量（H/C atomic）.CI、CM、CR、CV、CO是依据化学成分和矿物组成划分出的不同的碳质球粒陨石群；Bells是异常的CM2；EH、EL是顽火辉石无球粒陨石.δD=（（D/H）sample/（D/H）SMOW‒1）×1 000‰，SMOW是标准平均海洋水（Standard Mean Ocean Water，SMOW）；δ15N=（（15N/14N）sample/（15N/14N）大气氮‒1）× 1 000‰.数据来自：Alexander et al.（2007，2010，2017）
Fig. 1. The relative abundance of H and N and their isotopic compositions of IOM from various chondrites
图 2 好奇号样本分析仪（SAM）探测到了大气中甲烷浓度的季节性波动
图改自：NASA/JPL-Caltech/SAM-GSFC/Univ. of Michigan
Fig. 2. The Curiosity Sample Analyzer (SAM) detects seasonal variations of methane in Martian atmosphere
图 3 从星际介质到太阳系内的小行星，简单分子演化为复杂有机化合物的过程
据Glavin et al.（2018）修改
Fig. 3. Formation and evolution of simple molecules to more complex organic compounds from the interstellar medium to small bodies in the Solar System
表 1 星际介质中气相分子统计
Table 1. Summary of gas-phase molecules in interstellar media
原子个数 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 AlF AlNC C2H2 C5 l-H2C4 c-C2H4O CH2CHCHO (CH3)2O (CH3)2CO HC8CN CH3OC2H5 HC11N AlCl C3 c-C3H C4H c- H2C3O CH2CHCN CH2CCHCN CH3CHCH2 CH3CH2CHO CH3C6H C6H6 c-C6H5CN C2 C2H l-C3H C4Si CH2CNH CH2CHOH CH2OHCHO CH3CH2CN CH3C5N CH C2O C3N l-C3H2 CH3NC CH3C2H CH3C3N CH3CH2OH NH2CH2COOH? CH+ C2S C3O c-C3H2 CH3CN CH3CHO CH3COOH CH3C4H CF+ C2P C3S CH2CN CH3OH C6H C7H CH3CONH2 CN CO2 CH2D+? CH4 CH3SH HC5N HCOOCH3 C8H CO H3+ HCCN HCOOH C2H4 H3CNH2 H2C6 HC7N CO+ H2O HCNH+ HC3N C5H NH2CH2CN CP H2S HNCO HC2NC C5N CS H2C HNCS H2COH+ HC2CHO CSi HCN HOCO+ H2CHN HC3NH+ H2 HCP H2CO H2C2O HC4N HCl HCO H2CN H2NCN NH2CHO HF HCO+ H2CS HNC3 HO HCS+ H3O+ SiH4 HS HOC+ NH3 SiC4 SH+ HNC SiC3 KCl HN2+ N2 HNO NH KCN NO MgCN NS MgNC NaCl NH2 O2 N2H+ OH N2O PN NaCN PO OCS SO SO2 SO+ c-SiC2 SiC SiCN SiN SiNC SiO SiS FeO 注：据文献Keller et al.（2004）修改. 
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表 2 Murchison碳质球粒陨石中主要非生物成因有机质类型与丰度
Table 2. Abiogenic organic matter identified in the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite and its abundances
有机物类型 含量(10-6) （1）碳氢化合物（Hydrocarbons） 脂肪族（Aliphatic） 12~35 甲烷（Methane） 0.14 芳香族（Aromatic） 15~28 （2）酸类（Acids） 一元酸（Monocarboxylic） 332 二元酸（Dicarboxylic） 25.7 α-羟基羧酸（α-hydroxycarboxylic） 14.6 氨基酸（Amino acids） 60 二氨基酸（Diamino acids） 0.04 磺酸（Sulphonic acids） 67 膦酸（Phosphonic acids） 1.5 （3）醇类、醛类、酮类、糖类 醛类（Aldehydes） 11 酮类（Ketones） 16 醇类（Alcohols） 11 糖及相关化合物（多元醇polyols） ~24 （4）胺类和酰胺类 胺类（Amines） 8 尿素（Urea） 25 （5）杂环类 碱性氮杂环化合物（Basic N-heterocycles） 0.05~0.5 嘧啶（Pyrimidines） 0.06 嘌呤（Purines） 1.2 注：据文献Sephton（2002）; Sephton and Botta（2008）; Pizzarello and Shock（2010）修改.
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