Crustal Thickeness and Topographic Elevation: Insights from Geochemistry of Igneous Rocks
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摘要: 认识大陆地壳的演化过程对于理解地球圈层结构、探讨板块构造和造山带演化等问题具有重要意义.汇聚板块边缘形成了大规模岩浆岩，其地球化学特征与形成时的深度关系密切，因而被广泛应用于造山带的古地壳厚度的恢复和古高度的反演研究.系统回顾了利用地球化学信息探讨地壳厚度的方法建立与发展，评估了各种方法的优劣和适用范围，并总结了该方法在不同造山带的应用实例和其在古高度重建研究中的应用.该方法在时间及空间上相对古高度、地震、温压计等方法可以更加连续地反映地壳厚度并且适用范围较广.结合快速积累的地球化学大数据库，该方法可以为造山带演化研究提供更多信息，为现有的古高度定量估算做补充，并有效地促进地球系统科学的发展.Abstract: Understanding the evolution of continental crust is crucial for comprehending the Earth's structure and exploring the development of plate tectonics and orogenic belts. In convergent plate margins, large-scale igneous rocks are generated, and their geochemical features are closely related to their formation depth. Consequently, these rocks are widely used in reconstructing crustal thickness and interpreting paleoaltitudes in orogenic belts. In this paper it reviews the establishment and development of methods that utilize geochemical information to investigate crustal thickness. It evaluates the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of various methods, and summarizes their use in different orogenic belts and their role in paleoaltitude reconstruction. As a complement to quantitative paleoaltimetric techniques, the geochemical approach provides more continuous reflections of crustal thickness over time. Combined with rapidly accumulating geochemical databases, this method can offer deeper insights into paleoaltitude estimates, and the tectonic evolution of orogenic belts, and effectively promote the development of Earth system science.
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Key words:
- convergent plate margin /
- arc magmatism /
- crustal thickness /
- paleoaltitude /
- petrology /
- geochemistry
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图 1 压力主导下微量元素在不同矿物中的分配图改自(Sundell et al., 2021)
Fig. 1. Distribution of Sr/Y ratios, La/Yb ratios, Eu/Eu* ratios in minerals under different pressures (modified from Sundell et al., 2021)
图 2 经验公式建立流程图
据Chapman et al.(2015)；Profeta et al.(2015)
Fig. 2. The flow diagram of establishment for empirical formula
图 3 全岩Sr/Y比值，[La/Yb]N比值与地壳厚度经验公式
a.不同地区Sr/Y比值与地壳厚度经验公式(E指高程，需换算成地壳厚度，是在一定壳幔密度下，经公式5计算所得) (科迪勒拉造山带：Chapman et al.，2015；秦岭造山带：Hu et al.，2017；西藏：Hu et al.，2020；拉萨地块：Sundell et al.，2021)；b.不同研究区[La/Yb]N比值与地壳厚度经验公式(全球：Profeta et al.，2015；秦岭造山带：Hu et al.，2017；西藏：Hu et al.，2020；拉萨地块：Sundell et al.，2021)
Fig. 3. Empirical formulas of crust thickness reflected by different geochemical methods
图 4 锆石Eu/Eu*比值与地壳厚度经验公式改自(Tang et al., 2021a)
Fig. 4. Empirical formulas of zircon Eu/Eu* ratios and crustal thickness (modified from Tang et al., 2021a)
图 5 全球岩浆地球化学地壳厚度研究分布区
底图据
www.ngdc.noaa.gov .Ce/Y比值：新西兰(Mantle and Collions，2008)；Sr/Y比值：全球(Chiaradia，2015)，科迪勒拉造山带(Chapman et al.，2015)，秦岭(Hu et al.，2017)，西藏(Hu et al.，2020)，藏南(Sundell et al.，2021)，藏东南(Wang et al.，2022)，拉萨南部(Sundell et al.，2024)；[La/Yb]N比值：全球(Profeta et al.，2015)，冈底斯(Zhu et al.，2017)，安第斯中部(Carrapa et al.，2022)，拉萨(Sundell et al.，2021)，拉萨南部(Sundell et al.，2024)，藏东南(Wang et al.，2022)，秦岭(Hu et al.，2017)，北羌塘至喜马拉雅(Hu et al.，2020)；锆石Eu/Eu*比值：全球(Tang et al.，2021b)，印度克拉通(McKenzie et al.，2018)，格林威尔造山带(Brudner et al.，2022)，拉萨南部(Sundell et al.，2024)，冈底斯东部(Tang et al.，2021b)；冈底斯(Zhu et al.，2017)Fig. 5. Research area distribution of crustal thickness calculated by magmatic geochemistry in global
图 6 西藏部分地区隆升历史
a.羌塘地块隆升历史(绿色曲线引自Hu et al.，2020；蓝色曲线引自Ding et al.，2022).其中岩浆地球化学方法主要利用y=(10.50±0.99)E+(4.71±0.82)和y=(2.61±0.32)e(0.410±0.032)E；b.拉萨地块隆升历史(绿色曲线引自Hu et al.，2020；蓝色曲线引自Ding et al.，2022；Ibarra et al.，2023；粉色曲线引自Zhu et al.，2017).其中岩浆古高度y=(2.61±0.32)e(0.410±0.032)E和y=(0.98±0.19)e (0.047±0.005)x.数据来源Zhu et al.(2017)；Hu et al.(2020)；Zeng et al.(2021)；Ding et al.(2022)；Ibarra et al.(2023)
Fig. 6. History of surface elevation changes across Gandese and Qiangtang
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