Discussion on Significant Geological Events during Carboniferous-Permian Transition and Main Controlling Factors of Shale Gas Enrichment in Eastern Margin of Ordos Basin
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摘要: 随着非常规油气富集与多地质（生物）事件耦合作用研究的不断深入，逐步证实了黑色页岩层系中非常规油气“甜点区/段”的沉积过程常伴随着多种全球或区域地质（生物）事件，如火山喷发、热液活动、大洋缺氧、气候突变、生物繁盛与灭绝等.鄂尔多斯盆地东缘石炭系-二叠系发育多套海陆过渡相页岩层系，是目前我国页岩气勘探开发的重要目标层段之一.通过梳理石炭纪-二叠纪转折期区域（鄂尔多斯盆地）和全球性重大地质、气候和生物事件，讨论其对鄂尔多斯盆地东缘页岩气富集的潜在影响.研究表明：石炭纪-二叠纪转折期海平面、古气候以及植被面貌等变化，在不同程度上影响着有机质生成的水体表层初级生产力以及有机质保存的水体底部氧化还原状态等条件.由于鄂尔多斯盆地东缘石炭系晋祠段（招贤页岩）和二叠系山23亚段中页岩层段的含气量与TOC含量具有良好的正相关性，从有机质富集的角度探讨了古生产力和古水体氧化还原条件对海陆过渡相页岩气富集程度的影响，提出植物繁盛能够为有机质大量生成提供物质基础，相对海平面的上升易形成贫氧-缺氧水体环境，有利于有机质沉积富集，从而最终促进了该区页岩气“甜点段”形成.Abstract: With the ongoing advancement of research on the coupling effect of unconventional oil and gas enrichment with multi-geological (biological) events, it has increasingly been confirmed that the deposition process of unconventional oil and gas "sweet spots" in black shale formations is frequently accompanied by volcanic eruptions, hydrothermal activities, ocean anoxia, climate change, biological prosperity, and extinctions, among various global or regional geological (biological) events. The Carboniferous-Permian transition in the eastern margin of the Ordos basin is endowed with multiple sets of marine-continental shale formations, which are significant targets for the exploration and development of shale gas in the country. In this paper it provides a review of the major geological events during the Carboniferous-Permian transition in order to discuss their potential impact on shale gas enrichment in the eastern margin of the Ordos basin. The Study shows that the changes in the glacial sea-level, paleoclimate during the Carboniferous-Permian transition have impacted on the surface primary productivity of organic matter and the bottom redox conditions in different degrees. Given the positive correlation between gas content and total organic carbon (TOC) content in the Carboniferous Jinci Section (Zhaoxian Shale) and Permian Shan23 Subsection shale formations in the eastern margin of the Ordos basin, it discusses the potential influence of paleoproductivity and paleoenvironment on the enrichment of marine-continental transition shale gas deposits: vegetation flourished organic matter, and with the relative rise in sea level, a hypoxic-anoxic water environment is easily formed, conducive to the deposition and enrichment of organic matter, thereby ultimately facilitating the formation of the "sweet spots" for shale gas in the region.
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图 2 石炭纪-二叠纪地质(生物)事件
地质年代据Gradstein et al.（2020）；CO2含量据Montañez and Poulsen（2013）；冰川频率据Soreghan et al.（2019）；冰川事件据Fielding et al.（2008b）；超大陆构造事件据Huang et al.（2018）；华北地区构造事件据石婧等（2024）；全球海平面变化据Haq and Schutter（2008）；火山岩记录和相对于0~2.5 Ma估计的爆发性火山活动据Soreghan et al.（2019）；古热带雨林据Cleal and Thomas（2005）；殷鸿福等（2018）；华北地区古气候据张泓等（1999）；植物演化事件据Wang（2010）；Stevens et al.（2011）；维管植物分布据殷鸿福等（2018）
Fig. 2. Carboniferous⁃Permian geological (biological) event
图 3 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘生物碎屑微观特征
a.海绵骨针，透射，大吉3⁃4井山23亚段，2 142 m；b.海绵骨针，单偏，大吉3⁃4井山23亚段，2 142 m；c.有孔虫，透射，大吉3⁃4井山23亚段，2 144.74 m；d.有孔虫，已泥化保留其外形，呈玫瑰花状、卵圆状，正交偏光，大吉3⁃4井山23亚段，2 143.33 m；e.具单轴双射的海绵骨针，正交偏光，大吉3⁃4井山23亚段，2 145.57 m；f.$ \text { 48 } $类（外形多呈纺锤形，旋壁发育，房室亮晶充填，隔壁泥晶结构，个体0.1~0.7 mm），正交偏光，大吉3⁃4井山23亚段，2 184.65 m；g.有孔虫，正交偏光，大吉3⁃4井山23亚段，2 148 m；h.棘皮类（仅见具单晶结构的海百合茎，部分见中央茎结构，个体0.07~2.50 mm），正交偏光，大吉3⁃4井山23亚段，2 164.02 m；i.生物碎屑，正交偏光，大吉3⁃4井山23亚段，2 145.21 m
Fig. 3. Microscopic characteristics of biogenic debris in the eastern edge of the Ordos basin
图 4 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘火山碎屑岩
a.正交偏光：中酸性火山岩岩屑，大吉3⁃4井山23亚段，2 148 m；b.正交偏光：中酸性火山岩岩屑，大吉3⁃4井山23亚段，2 148 m
Fig. 4. Volcanic clastic rocks in the eastern margin of the Ordos basin
图 5 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘晚石炭纪-早二叠纪之交地质(生物)事件及山西组、太原组、本溪组页岩气甜点段分布特征
地质年代、岩性地层等据国际地层年代表（2023版）及申博恒等（2021，2022）；沈树忠等（2019），综合岩石地层划分据武瑾等（2021）；张琴等（2022）；蔡光银等（2022）；鄂尔多斯盆地相对海平面变化据吕大炜等（2009）；火山活动据Soreghan et al.（2019）；沉积水体缺氧程度趋势分布据MoEF和UEF元素建立；冰期-间冰期特征据Qie et al.（2019）；Fang et al.（2021）；Chen et al.（2018）修改；TOC含量趋势图中数据部分来自武瑾等（2021）；张琴等（2022）；蔡光银等（2022），其中红色圆点代表样品TOC含量大于12%的样品；含气量趋势图据测井曲线建立
Fig. 5. Carboniferous⁃Permian geological (biological) events in the eastern margin of Ordos basin and the distribution characteristics of Shanxi, Taiyuan and Benxi formations shale gas dessert section
图 7 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘石炭系-二叠系(晋祠段与山23亚段)页岩层段的TOC含量与P/Ti交汇图(a)、CIA交汇图(b)、UEF交汇图(c)、MoEF交汇图(d)
部分数据来自武瑾等（2021）；蔡光银等（2022）；张琴等（2022）；Zhang et al.（2023）
Fig. 7. Intersection diagrams of TOC content with P/Ti (a), CIA (b), UEF (c), and MoEF (d) for Carboniferous⁃Permian (Jinci Formation and Shan23 Subsection) shale intervals in the eastern margin of the Ordos basin
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