U and Th Sources and Enrichment Mechanisms of High Heat Producing Granites in Xingluokeng, Fujian Province
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摘要: 钨矿与高分异花岗岩有密切的成因联系.全球大型/超大型钨锡矿床相关花岗岩的放射性产热率大多为5~10 μW•m-3，属于高产热花岗岩；其放射性产热率主要来源于U，一般达到70%，其次是Th（20%）与K（< 10%），然而目前并不清楚含钨花岗岩放射性产热元素分布规律及其富集原因.选择福建行洛坑超大型钨矿床开展典型实例研究，通过对行洛坑花岗岩单矿物（黑云母、斜长石、锆石、独居石、磷灰石等）的成分分析，结合已发表的全岩主、微量数据，利用质量守恒原理分别约束U、Th、K的主要赋存矿物.行洛坑两期花岗岩（G1与G2）的锆石U-Pb年龄分别为：151.5±0.6 Ma和150.0±0.6 Ma，根据单矿物计算的G1与G2总产热率分别为1.78 μW•m-3、2.28 μW•m-3.其中，K主要赋存于钾长石和黑云母等矿物，这两种矿物的K对全岩的热贡献率不到10%；Th主要来自于独居石，独居石中Th热贡献率最高达到了46%；U主要来自锆石和独居石，热贡献率均低于15%.G1与G2单矿物计算的产热率只达到全岩平均产热率（分别为3.74 μW•m-3和6.10 μW•m-3）的48%和37%，这种显著差异可能是由于行洛坑花岗岩中大量U存在于少量高U锆石，这种高U锆石统计样本较少，从而导致单矿物求得的产热率偏低.行洛坑花岗岩中U、Th的富集可能由源区和结晶分异作用共同控制的；行洛坑花岗岩放射性元素的衰变热（尤其是晚期岩体）可能延长了行洛坑热液对流时限并促进白钨矿的形成.Abstract: Tungsten deposit is genetically related to highly differentiated granites. The radioactive heat production of those tungsten-associated granites is mostly 5-10 μW•m-3 and can be classified into high heat-producing granites. The radioactive heat mainly comes from U (70%), followed by Th (20%) and K (< 10%). The distribution pattern and genesis of heat-producing elements in tungsten granites are still unclear. The Xingluokeng large-scale tungsten deposit in Fujian Province was chosen as a typical case study. The main occurrence minerals of U, Th, and K were constrained using the principle of mass conservation, the compositional analysis of single minerals (biotite, plagioclase, zircon, monazite, and apatite), and published major and trace element data of the whole rock in the Xingluokeng granites. The zircon U-Pb ages of G1 and G2 are 151.5±0.6 Ma and 150.0±0.6 Ma, respectively. The total heat production rates of G1 and G2 calculated from single minerals are 1.78 μW•m-3 and 2.28 μW•m-3, respectively. Among them, K mainly occurs in K-feldspar and biotite, and the heat contribution rate of K of these two minerals to the whole rock is less than 10%. Th mainly comes from monazite, and the Th heat contribution rate in monazite is 46% at the highest. U mainly comes from zircon and monazite, and the heat contribution rate is less than 15%. The heat production rates of G1 and G2 minerals are 48% and 37% of the whole rock average heat production rates (3.74 μW•m-3 and 6.10 μW•m-3, respectively). This significant difference may be due to a large amount of U existing in a small amount of high-U zircon. Due to the limited statistical sampling of these high-U zircons, the calculated heat production rate from single minerals tends to be underestimated. The enrichment of U and Th in the Xingluokeng granites may be controlled by the protoliths and later crystallization differentiation.The decay heat from radioactive elements in the Xingluokeng granite (especially the late granite) may prolong the time limit of hydrothermal convection and promote the formation of scheelite.
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Key words:
- heat-producing elements /
- zircon /
- monazite /
- tungsten deposit /
- Xingluokeng /
- mineral deposits
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图 1 大型/超大型钨锡相关花岗岩的放射性产热率
图中数据来自以下文献：英国Cornubian岩基：Chappell and Hine（2006）和Charoy（1986）；德国Erzgebirge岩基：Förster et al.（1999）和Tichomirowa et al.（2019）；意大利Sardinian岩基：Naitza et al.（2017）.以下数据来自中国南部的花岗岩，千里山花岗质杂岩体：Mao and Li（1995）、Chen et al.（2014）以及Liao et al.（2021a，2021b）；朱溪花岗岩体：苏晓云（2014）、王先广等（2015）、李宁（2017）、于全（2017）、以及刘经纬等（2017）；大湖塘花岗岩体：项新葵等（2012）、黄兰椿和蒋少涌（2012）、Huang and Jiang（2014）、Mao et al.（2015）、毛志昊（2016）、彭花明等（2016）和吴显愿（2019）；行洛坑花岗岩体：Wang et al.（2021a）和高允（2022）.在每个方框中，中间的黑色标记表示中位数，框的底部和顶部边缘分别表示第25和第75百分位数.n表示每个数据集的采样次数，小圆点表示每个数据集的分布状态.花岗岩产热率平均值约为2 μW•m-3（据Artemieva et al.，2017），如图中虚线所示
Fig. 1. The heat production rate of large-scale tungsten-tin related granites
图 2 大型/超大型钨锡相关花岗岩的K/U比值（a）及Th/U比值（b）（数据来源同图 1）
一般花岗岩平均K/U为1×104、平均Th/U为4.0（据Artemieva et al.，2017），如图中实线所示.大型/超大型钨锡相关花岗岩中平均K/U为0.31×104、平均Th/U为1.34，如图中虚线所示
Fig. 2. K/U ratios (a) and Th/U ratios (b) of large-scale tungsten-tin related granites (same data source as Fig.1)
图 3 大型/超大型钨锡相关花岗岩（a）及行洛坑钨矿花岗岩（b）中U、Th、K的热贡献率（数据来源同图 1）
大型/超大型钨锡相关花岗岩U的热贡献率为38%~94%，平均热贡献率为70%；Th的热贡献率为2%~51%，平均热贡献率为22%；而K的热贡献率最低，多在1%~15%，平均热贡献率为8%
Fig. 3. The heat contribution of U, Th and K in large-scale tungsten-tin related granites (a) and the Xingluokeng granites (b) (same data source as Fig.1)
图 5 行洛坑钨矿地质简图（a）及0勘探线剖面图（b）
据福建闽西地质大队（1985）修改. 行洛坑花岗岩穿插有众多浸染状石英细脉和大脉，全岩矿化
Fig. 5. The geological sketch map of the Xingluokeng W deposit (a) and the section along the exploration line 0 (b)
图 6 行洛坑花岗岩特征照片
a.似斑状黑云母花岗岩；b.中细粒黑云母花岗岩；c.似斑状黑云母花岗岩（正交偏光）；d.中细粒黑云母花岗岩（正交偏光）；e.黑云母中发育的磷灰石（单偏光）；f.白云母中发育的磷灰石、黄铁矿、钛铁矿（单偏光）；Ap.磷灰石；Bt.黑云母；Kfs.钾长石；Ilm.钛铁矿；Ms.白云母；Pl.斜长石；Py.黄铁矿；Qtz.石英
Fig. 6. Typical photos of the Xingluokeng granites
图 7 行洛坑花岗岩黑云母分类图解（a、b）及斜长石判别图解（c）
Fig. 7. Biotite classification diagrams (a, b) and plagioclase discriminant diagram (c) of the Xingluokeng granites
图 8 行洛坑花岗岩黑云母微量元素含量图（a）、球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线图（b）及斜长石微量元素含量图（c）、球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线图（d）
球粒陨石数据来自Masuda et al.（1973）
Fig. 8. Biotite trace element content diagram (a), chondrite-normalized REE diagram(b) and plagioclase trace element content diagram(c), chondrite-normalized REE diagram(d)
图 9 似斑状黑云母花岗岩G1（a）和中细粒黑云母花岗岩G2（b）的锆石U-Pb年龄谐和图
Fig. 9. Zircon U-Pb concordia diagrams for porphyritic biotite granite (a) and medium- to fine-grained biotite granite (b)
图 10 锆石微量元素含量图（a）及球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线图（b）
球粒陨石数据来自Masuda et al.（1973）
Fig. 10. Zircon trace element content diagram (a) and chondrite-normalized REE diagram (b)
图 11 行洛坑花岗岩独居石微量元素含量图（a）、球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线图（b）及磷灰石微量元素含量图（c）、球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线图（d）
球粒陨石数据来自Masuda et al.（1973）
Fig. 11. Monazite trace element content diagram (a), chondrite-normalized REE diagram (b) and apatite trace element content diagram(c), chondrite-normalized REE diagram(d) of the Xingluokeng granites
图 12 行洛坑花岗岩类型判别图解
a. K2O vs. SiO2图解，据Rickwood（1989）修改；b. A/NK vs. A/CNK图解，据Maniar and Piccoli（1989）修改；c. Zr-10 000×Ga/Al图解，据Whalen et al.（1987）修改；d. P2O5 vs. SiO2图解，全岩数据来源于Wang et al.（2021a）和高允（2022）
Fig. 12. The classification diagrams of the Xingluokeng granites
图 13 行洛坑花岗岩中矿物U、Th、K对全岩热贡献率箱状图（a）及频率分布直方图（b）
行洛坑花岗岩中K主要赋存于钾长石和黑云母等矿物，这两种矿物的K对全岩的热贡献率不到10%；Th主要来自于独居石，独居石中Th热贡献率最高达到了46%；U主要来自锆石和独居石，热贡献率均低于15%
Fig. 13. The box diagram (a) and frequency distribution of the heat contribution of minerals U, Th and K to the whole rock (b) in Xingluokeng granites
图 14 行洛坑花岗岩中代表性锆石阴极发光、透射光（a）及彩色阴极发光图像（b）
本文未统计的锆石数据显示，部分锆石中存在微裂隙，而这些锆石的微裂隙中U含量较高，为本文统计数据平均值（G1：570×10-6±398×10-6；G2：637×10-6±653×10-6）的几十倍.此外，部分锆石存在包裹体，但基本上为磷灰石（AP）包裹体
Fig. 14. Images of CL, transmitted light and color CL of representative zircon in Xingluokeng granites
表 1 行洛坑钨矿样品采样位置
Table 1. The sampling positions of the Xingluokeng W deposit
样品编号 平台（m） 类别 分析矿物 XL21-18 696 似斑状黑云母花岗岩（G1） 黑云母、斜长石、锆石、独居石、磷灰石 XL21-27 648 黑云母、斜长石 XL21-36 780 斜长石 XLK19-32-3 696 黑云母 XL21-15 696 中细粒黑云母花岗岩（G2） 黑云母、锆石、独居石、磷灰石 XL21-20 696 黑云母、斜长石 XL21-23 696 黑云母 XL21-25 648 斜长石 
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