Hydrochemical and Multi-Isotope Analysis of Nitrogen Sources and Transformation Processes in the Wetland-Groundwater System of Honghu Lake
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摘要: 为研究地表水-地下水相互作用如何影响湿地-地下水系统中氮的赋存形态与来源，以洪湖湿地为研究区，基于地下水流场、水化学和稳定同位素手段，对湿地-地下水系统中氮的赋存形态、来源与转化过程进行分析.结果表明，硝态氮（NO3-）和铵态氮（NH4+）分别是洪湖湿地地表水和地下水中氮的主要赋存形态.地表水中的NO3-主要来自外部河渠输入，地下水中的NH4+可能来自有机质降解与自养硝酸盐异化还原为铵（DNRA），后者为主要来源.富营养化湖水-地下水相互作用可向地下水输入NO3-，并在DNRA作用下形成局部高NH4+地下水，湿地地表水-地下水相互作用是影响地下水质的重要驱动力.Abstract: To investigate how surface water-groundwater interactions influence the speciation and sources of nitrogen (N) in wetland-groundwater systems, this study focuses on the Honghu Lake wetland, and utilizing groundwater flow direction, hydrochemical methods and stable isotopes to demonstrate the speciation, sources and transformation of N in the wetland-groundwater system. The results indicate that nitrate and ammonium are the primary species of N in surface water and groundwater, respectively. Nitrate in surface water mainly originates from external river inputs, while ammonium in groundwater may result from organic matter degradation or autotrophic nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), with the latter being the predominant source. Eutrophic lake water-groundwater interactions can introduce nitrate into groundwater and, under the influence of DNRA, create localized high ammonium groundwater. Therefore, surface water-groundwater interaction in wetlands is a significant driver affecting groundwater quality.
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图 2 洪湖湿地地下水等值线
a. 2023年5月底；b. 2023年10月底
Fig. 2. Contour map of groundwater levels in Honghu Lake wetland
图 3 洪湖湿地水样品Piper三线图
Fig. 3. Piper diagram of the water samples from Honghu Lake wetland
图 4 洪湖湿地水样品聚类热图
a. 为地表水；b. 为地下水
Fig. 4. Cluster heatmap of water samples from Honghu Lake wetland
图 6 水化学指标Spearman相关性热图
a. 为地表水；b. 为地下水
Fig. 6. Spearman correlation heatmap of hydrochemical indices for water samples
图 7 洪湖湿地样品中N的形态与分布
颜色斑块反映地表水或地下水的聚类特征
Fig. 7. Speciation and distribution of N in surface water and groundwater samples from Honghu Lake wetland
图 8 洪湖湿地水样品氢氧同位素分析
a. 氢氧同位素分布；b. 地表水中TN与d-excess关系
Fig. 8. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis of water samples from Honghu Lake wetland
图 9 地下水中NH4+浓度与氮同位素关系
Fig. 9. Relationship between NH4-N concentration and δ15N-NH4 in groundwater
图 10 地下水中NH4+浓度与δ13C-DOC (a)和δ13C-DIC (b)关系
Fig. 10. Relationship between NH4-N concentration and δ13C-DOC(a), δ13C-DIC(b) in groundwater
图 11 洪湖湿地主要氮形态富集与转化概念模型
Fig. 11. Conceptual model for the enrichment and transformation of primary N species in Honghu Lake wetland
表 1 样品水化学类型与氮形态统计
Table 1. Statistical table of sample water chemical types and nitrogen species
类型 采样深度
（m）水化学类型 NO3-N (mg/L) NO2-N (mg/L) NH4-N (mg/L) 范围 均值 范围 均值 范围 均值 地下水 2~65 HCO3-Ca·Mg; HCO3·Cl-Ca·Mg; HCO3-Ca;
Cl·HCO3-Ca;
Cl-Ca·Mgn.d.~5.85 0.49 n.d.~0.06 0.01 n.d.~2.46 0.79 地表水 - HCO3-Ca·Mg;
HCO3-Ca·Mg·Na;
HCO3-Ca;
HCO3-Ca·Na·Mgn.d.~1.98 0.91 0.01~0.26 0.1 n.d.~0.74 0.2 
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表 2 洪湖湿地水样品主要水化学参数统计
Table 2. Statistical table of major hydrochemical parameters of the water samples from Honghu Lake wetland
参数 地表水 地下水 最大值 最小值 平均值 最大值 最小值 平均值 pH 8.76 7.3 7.79 7.51 6.8 7.28 ORP (mV) 268 95.8 189 193 ‒149 ‒9.69 TDS (mg/L) 322 229 289 962 403 578 K+ (mg/L) 5.72 2.82 4.74 3.6 0.73 1.76 Na+ (mg/L) 30.8 15.4 22.3 47.8 7.78 22.9 Ca2+ (mg/L) 58.8 40.4 51.2 198 85.4 119 Mg2+ (mg/L) 18.4 11.1 16.4 55.6 15.1 31.9 Cl‒ (mg/L) 34.2 21 29.3 69.3 0.55 11.8 SO42‒ (mg/L) 46.1 25.9 36.4 84.0 8.35 23.8 HCO3‒ (mg/L) 245 149 213 930 395 627 PO4‒P (mg/L) 0.09 n.d. 0.04 1.32 n.d. 0.27 TP (mg/L) 0.09 0.01 0.05 1.64 0.01 0.29 NO3-N (mg/L) 1.98 n.d. 0.91 5.85 n.d. 0.49 NO2-N (mg/L) 0.26 0.01 0.10 0.06 n.d. 0.01 NH4+-N (mg/L) 0.74 n.d. 0.20 2.46 n.d. 0.79 TN (mg/L) 2.58 0.66 1.41 5.99 0.09 1.35 Si (mg/L) 10.2 2.26 6.02 28.4 9.15 19.7 Fe2+ (mg/L) n.d. n.d. n.d. 4.70 n.d. 1.52 Fe3+ (mg/L) 0.47 n.d. 0.09 0.27 n.d. 0.08 S2‒ (mg/L) n.d. n.d. n.d. 0.40 n.d. 0.03 Sr (μg/L) 304 210 256 761 275 414 F‒ (mg/L) 0.48 0.15 0.30 0.69 0.05 0.26 Br‒ (μg/L) 0.94 n.d. 0.60 1.38 n.d. 0.48 I‒ (μg/L) 36.4 2.10 17.2 147 n.d. 51.4 As (μg/L) 6.69 1.63 4.47 126 0.31 21.0
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