Challenges and Prospects of Cement Slurry Technology for Gas Hydrate-Bearing Sediments in Marine Environments
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摘要: 固井是天然气水合物及其他深水油气资源安全稳定开发的关键环节和重要保障.当前，国内外开发了多种固井水泥浆体系以应对深水天然气水合物地层固井面临的低温、低破裂压力、水合物易分解、浅层高压气、水窜流等难题.概述了当前具有代表性的4类水合物地层固井水泥浆技术的研究现状，对比分析了低温早强固井水泥浆体系、低密度早强固井水泥浆体系、低热固井水泥浆体系、防窜固井水泥浆体系的优缺点.进一步探讨了新型固井水泥浆技术如保温隔热水泥浆体系、微生物自修复固井水泥浆体系、抗盐固井水泥浆体系在水合物地层中的适用性及应用前景，旨在为相关领域专家、学者提供关于天然气水合物地层固井水泥浆技术的最新研究动态，促进海域天然气水合物地层固井技术及相关领域学科的发展.Abstract: The role of cementing in the secure and steady exploitation of natural gas hydrates and other deepwater hydrocarbon resources is of paramount importance. In addressing the distinctive challenges posed by deepwater gas hydrate formations, such as low temperatures, minimal fracture pressures, the inclination towards hydrate dissociation, high-pressure shallow gas zones, and aqueous migration, a spectrum of cement slurry systems has been developed with innovation both domestically and internationally. This scholarly work presents an exhaustive overview of the contemporary research status concerning four pivotal cementing slurry technologies that are specifically adapted for hydrate formations. It conducts a rigorous analysis of the merits and limitations of cementing slurry systems characterized by low-temperature early-strength, low-density early-strength, low-heat generation, and anti-migration properties. Furthermore, it thoroughly investigates the applicability and promise of nascent cementing slurry technologies, which encompass insulating and thermal barrier cementing slurries, microbially induced self-healing cementing slurries, and salt-tolerant cementing slurries, for their utilization in hydrate formations. This contribution aims to furnish the latest understanding and insights into the progressive trajectory of cementing slurry technologies within natural gas hydrate formations, benefiting both researchers and professionals, and catalyzing the advancement of cementing technology in marine natural gas hydrate formations and contiguous scientific fields.
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Key words:
- natural gas hydrates /
- cementing slurry /
- low-temperature /
- early-strength /
- low hydration heat /
- anti-tamper /
- self-healing /
- deepwater drilling /
- marine geology
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图 1 天然气水合物地层固井失效诱发潜在的地质环境灾害示意
Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of potential geoenvironmental disasters triggered by cementing failure in natural gas hydrate bearing formations
图 3 添加保温隔热材料的固井水泥浆水化热测试结果(步玉环等, 2023)
Fig. 3. Hydration heat test of cement slurry with added thermal insulation materials (Bu et al., 2023)
图 4 自修复固井水泥浆作用原理示意图
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of the principle of self-healing cement slurry
表 1 常见低温早强固井水泥浆体系对比
Table 1. Comparison of common low-temperature early-strength cement slurry systems
水泥浆类型 优缺点 在水合物层中适用性 参考文献 快凝石膏水泥浆 早期强度高，放热集中，放热量大 不适用 张清玉等(2007) 高铝水泥浆 低温下早期强度高，放热集中，不环保 不适用 王建东等(2005) PSD水泥浆 高早期强度，高固相含量，良好流变性，低失水量 适用性强 王建东等(2005) 复配早强剂水泥浆 高早期强度，悬浮稳定性好 适用性强 郭永宾等(2019)；崔策等(2022) 
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表 2 常见低密度固井水泥浆体系对比
Table 2. Comparison of common low-density cement slurry systems
水泥浆类型 减重剂材料类型 优缺点及在水合物层中适用性 参考文献 吸水膨胀水泥浆 膨润土、凹凸棒土、火山灰、硅灰、硅酸钠、硅酸钾和硅藻土 密度低，但力学强度低；失水量大；可能会发生自收缩
不适用水合物地层李绍晨(2013) 泡沫水泥浆 矿渣、铝酸钙、化学发泡剂、中空微珠 低密度，力学强度不足；高孔隙率、高渗透性
不适用水合物地层胡伟(2012) 低密度矿物水泥浆 粉煤灰、矿渣、空心玻璃微珠、漂珠、微硅、岩沥青、膨胀珍珠岩、蛭石 低密度，低水化热，稠化时间长；力学强度不足；难分散，体积收缩，不适用水合物地层 顾军等(2018)；郑少军等(2021) 复配液体减轻剂水泥浆 液体减轻剂 低温下早期强度高，悬浮稳定性强，适用于水合物地层 崔策等(2022)
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表 3 常见低热固井水泥浆体系对比
Table 3. Comparison of common low-heat cement slurry systems
控热剂类型 低热组分类型 优缺点及适用性 参考文献 低水化热胶凝材料 粉煤灰、矿渣、硅粉等 低水化热，适用性强 齐志刚(2009)；邢希金等(2018)；张俊斌等(2020)；霍锦华(2019)；姜春萌等(2023) 相变材料 石蜡类、无机水合盐类、多元醇、脂肪酸类、合成相变材料、相变微胶囊 吸热、但可能会导致体积收缩、合成工艺复杂、开发成本高，应用前景广 黄守国(2012)；廖易波等(2019)；宋建建等(2019)；颜帮川等(2019)；Liu et al. (2020)；杨国坤等(2021)；Yang et al. (2022)；王龙等(2023)；夏冬(2024) 放热平衡抑制剂 石蜡类、无机水合盐类、多元醇、脂肪酸类相变材料复配形成 吸热效果好，开发成本高，相互作用机制不明确，适用性有待进一步验证 许明标等(2010)；黄守国(2012)；
邢希金等(2018)水合物分解抑制剂 醇类(如乙醇、甲醇)、表面活性剂、以及改性聚合物等 能抑制水合物分解，对水泥石力学强度略微产生负面影响，适用性还不足 杜文祥(2020)；郑明明等(2021)
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表 4 常见防窜固井水泥浆体系对比
Table 4. Comparison of common anti-migration cement slurry systems
水泥浆类型 水泥浆性能及适用性 参考文献 膨胀水泥浆 水泥石微膨胀，后期防窜效果好，早期防窜效果不明显 García Calvo et al.(2020); 李鹏飞等(2023) 液硅水泥浆 水泥浆稳定性好，失水量低，防窜效果强 穆海鹏(2012) 胶乳水泥浆 失水量低，防窜效果好 张海山等(2015); 高元等(2016); 宋建建等(2021) 直角稠化水泥浆 稠化性能好，强度发展快，但目前主要应用于高温大温差固井 许明标等(2007) 发气水泥浆 低密度、流动性好，较高早期强度，防窜性能好 罗宇维等(2001); 焦少卿等(2013); 王翔等(2018)；
崔策等(2022)
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