Redefinition of Stratigraphic Sequence of Type Section of Pleistocene Qigequan Formation in Qaidam Basin: New Evidence from Lithologic and Petrographic Studies and ESR Dating
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摘要: 针对以往对柴达木盆地七个泉组岩性岩相涵义不清，尤其是其沉积时代是否存在中更新世争议颇大等问题，对位于青海省茫崖市七个泉子地区的七个泉组建组剖面（Z剖面）北部的七个泉组辅助层型剖面（Y剖面）开展了精细实测，并且在该剖面从底到顶首次获取了4个电子自旋共振（ESR）年龄，分别是562±64 ka、511±90 ka、438±32 ka和379±33 ka，进一步证实了七个泉组存在中更新世沉积序列.在详细分析Y剖面和Z剖面岩性岩相组合的基础上，将七个泉子剖面划分为下细上粗两段：剖面下部的泥-粉砂为主的湖相地层序列划归为七个泉组一段，上部以砾-砂为主的冲积扇根-扇中相的地层序列归为七个泉组二段.结合前人在Z剖面所获古地磁年龄和本次在Y剖面所获ESR年龄，七个泉组一段的沉积时代以早更新世为主，七个泉组二段的沉积时代以中更新世为主.虽然七个泉组一段在下、二段在上，但两者在早更新世晚期-中更新世早期期间存在相变关系，即两段地层的分界面是穿时的.还将七个泉组建组剖面与柴达木盆地其他同期地层进行了对比，为区域第四纪岩相古地理分析及第四纪钾盐等重要矿产勘查，提供了新的地层学基础材料.Abstract: In response to the previous problems of unclear lithologic and petrographic meanings of the Qigequan Formation in Qaidam Basin, especially the controversial issue of whether its depositional age extends to the Middle Pleistocene. In this paper it re-conducted a fine study of the auxiliary type section (Section Y) of the Qigequan Formation located in the north of the type section (Section Z) in the Qigequanzi area of Mangya City, Qinghai Province. It obtained for the first time four ESR ages from the bottom to the top of the section, which are 562±64 ka, 511±90 ka, 438± 32 ka, and 379±33 ka, respectively, further confirming the existence of the Middle Pleistocene sedimentary sequences in the Qigequan Formation. Based on a detailed analysis of the lithological and petrographic assemblage of the Section Y and Section Z, the Qigequanzi Section is divided into two parts, the upper fine and the lower coarse.The lower part of the section is assigned to Member 1 of Qigequan Formation for the mud-sand lake sequences, and the upper part is assigned to the Member 2 of Qigequan Formation for the gravel-sand rhythmic sequence of the alluvial fan stratigraphy.Combined with the paleomagnetic age obtained in Section Z and ESR ages obtained in Section Y, the depositional age of the Member 1 of Qigequan Formation is limited mainly to the Early Pleistocene, and that of the Member 2 of Qigequan Formation mainly to the Middle Pleistocene.Although Member 1 of the Qigequan Formation is at the lower part and Member 2 is at the upper part, there is a phase transition between the late Early Pleistocene and the early Middle Pleistocene, which means that the stratigraphic interface between the two members is time-disconnected. In this paper it compares the type section of Qigequan Formation with other contemporaneous stratum in the Qaidam Basin, and provides new stratigraphic materials for the analysis of Quaternary petrographic paleogeography in the region as well as for the exploration of Quaternary potassium salts and other important minerals.
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Key words:
- Qigequan Formation /
- type section /
- ESR dating /
- Pleistocene /
- Qaidam Basin /
- geophysics
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图 1 七个泉组及相关岩石地层划分沿革
Fig. 1. Qigequan Formation and related rock stratigraphic subdivision history
图 2 柴达木盆地早-中更新世地层露头与重要剖面分布及地理简图
a.柴达木盆地在青藏高原上的位置；b.柴达木盆地早-中更新世地层露头与剖面分布（剖面信息详见表 1，与图中剖面编号对应）；c.七个泉子Z剖面和Y剖面的位置（根据施源等，2024修改）；d.茫崖七个泉子背斜构造卫星地图（源自
https://map.baidu.com ）Fig. 2. The stratum outcrop and the major section distribution of the Qaidam Basin in Early-Middle Pleistocene, and the geographic map of the Qaidam Basin
图 3 柴达木盆地茫崖市七个泉子Y剖面整体之地层序列、重要接触关系摄影
a.剖面整体之地层序列：下部为以泥-粉砂为主的湖相沉积序列，本文将其划归七个泉组一段（Qp1-2q1）；上部为以砾-粗砂为主的冲积扇相沉积序列，本文将其划归七个泉组二段（Qp1-2q2）；b.Qp1-2q1与下伏N2s之间的平行不整合接触关系，以及Qp1-2q1之底的底侵蚀面和侵蚀面之上的底砾岩；c.Qp1-2q1与上覆的Qp1-2q2之间整合接触关系；d.Qp1-2q2上部的冲积扇相砾-粗砂沉积序列，以及Qp1-2q2顶部被全新统冲洪积（Qhpal）平行不整合覆盖关系
Fig. 3. Photography of stratigraphic sequence and important contact relationships in the Qigequan Section Y of Mangya City, Qaidam Basin
图 4 青海省茫崖市七子泉子Y剖面典型的岩性岩相特征
a~d：剖面下部以泥-粉砂为主的七个泉组一段湖相典型的沉积特征；e~h：剖面上部以砾-砂为主的七个泉组二段冲积扇相典型的沉积特征
Fig. 4. Typical lithology and lithofacies of the Qigequanzi Section Y in Mangya City, Qinghai Province
图 5 青海省茫崖市七个泉子Y剖面实测剖面柱状图（柱状图中的颜色为新鲜露头的地层颜色）
Fig. 5. Column of the surveyed Qigequanzi Section Y in Mangya City, Qinghai Province (the color shown in the column indicates the stratum color of the fresh section)
表 1 柴达木盆地早-中更新世地层露头剖面和钻孔剖面分布
Table 1. Distribution of outcrop sections and drill core sections of Early-Middle Pleistocene in the Qaidam Basin
编号 剖面名称 坐标 岩石地层单位名称 主要岩石组合 沉积相 参考文献 1 ZK2605 90°56'33"E,
38°5'4"N尕斯库勒组 含粉砂石盐-杂卤石石盐-含粉砂石膏 咸水湖相 沈振枢等(1993) 2 ZK402 91°21'25"E,
38°27'56"N尕斯库勒组 石盐夹含石膏淤泥-含芒硝石盐-含粉砂黏土 咸水湖相 沈振枢等(1993) 3 ZK336 91°33'20"E,
38°26'8"N尕斯库勒组 含粉砂黏土-含粉砂及淤泥石盐 咸水湖相 沈振枢等(1993) 4 黑ZK01 92°0'26.6"E,
38°31'08.3"N尕斯库勒组 含石膏粉砂质黏土-含芒硝、石盐、白钠镁矾的粉砂质黏土 咸水湖相 苗青(2021) 5 ZK4613 92°39'5"E,
38°26'13"N尕斯库勒组 粉砂淤泥-含粉砂淤泥夹芒硝及石盐 咸水湖相 沈振枢等(1993) 6 D12 92°37'15.3"E,
38°25'21.8"N尕斯库勒组 含石膏粉砂岩-含芒硝粉砂 咸水湖相 陈安东等(2020) 7 ZK701 92°48'48"E,
38°3'12"N尕斯库勒组 含粉砂黏土-含淤泥粉砂夹石盐、石膏 微咸水湖相 沈振枢等(1993) 8 ZK3208 93°02'03"E,
38°34'46"N尕斯库勒组 含细砂淤泥-芒硝石盐-石膏石盐 咸水湖相 沈振枢等(1993) 9 PM002 93°12'E,
38°42'N尕斯库勒组 粉砂质泥-粉砂夹石膏、石盐 微咸水湖相 （1） 10 ZK1009 无 七个泉组二段 砾石-粗砂-细砂夹粉砂 冲积扇相 王宇涵(2016) 11 ZK8012 94°14'42"E,
38°12'57"N尕斯库勒组 淤泥-石盐-含粉砂黏土 咸水湖相 沈振枢等(1993)；魏新俊等(1993) 12 HQ 96°38'03"E,
37°24'48"N七个泉组二段 砾岩-含砾砂岩 冲积扇相 本文修测 13 水6 94°47'25"E, 37°6'31"N 尕斯库勒组 黏土质粉砂-粉砂质黏土 淡水湖相 沈振枢(1993) 14 CK6 93°42'36"E, 36°37'36"N 尕斯库勒组 黏土质粉砂-粉砂 淡水湖相 黄麒等(1990) 15 PM406 93°36'05"E,
36°28'28"N七个泉组二段 黏土-中细砂-粗砂-砾石 辫状河相 （2） 16 PM408 93°40'16"E,
36°34'04"N七个泉组二段 黏土-中细砂-粗砂-砾石 辫状河相 （2） 17 QGQ（Z剖面） 90°38'40"E,
38°20'28"N七个泉组 泥质砂岩-含砾砂岩-砾岩 冲积扇相-湖泊三角洲相 Zhang et al.(2013); 施源等(2024) 18 YQ上段 90°38'33"E,
38°21'29"N七个泉组二段 细砂岩-中粗砂岩-砾岩 冲积扇相 晏文权(2020) 19 YQ下段 90°39'56"E,
38°21'18"N七个泉组一段 泥岩-粗砂岩-含砾粗砂 湖泊相-湖泊三角洲相 晏文权(2020) 20 Q1（Y剖面） 90°39'50"E, 38°21'18"N 七个泉组 泥岩-砂岩-砾岩 冲积扇相-湖泊相 本文实测 说明：（1）中国地质大学（武汉），2016，中华人民共和国区域地质调查报告（1∶50 000）：J46E007012、J46007013、J46E008012、J46E008013；（2）中国地质大学（武汉），2013，中华人民共和国区域地质调查报告（1∶50 000）：小灶火幅（J46E021015）、哈西牙图幅（J46E02 2015）、向阳沟幅（J46E023015）、大灶火沟幅（J46E024015）. 
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表 2 青海省茫崖市七个泉子Y剖面样品ESR测年结果
Table 2. ESR dating results of the samples from Qigequanzi Section Y in Mangya City, Qinghai Province
实验室号 野外编号 样品物质 含水量（%） 古剂量（Ga） 年剂量(Ga/ka) 年龄（ka） 072301 Q5-L 粉砂岩 0.23 2 419±276 4.30 562±64 072303 Q30-L 泥岩 0.02 2 182±383 4.27 511±90 072304 Q53-L 粉砂质泥岩 0.12 1 767±130 4.03 438±32 072305 Q60-L 泥质粉砂岩 0.30 1 714±148 4.53 379±33
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