CO2 Mineralization Storage in Basalt (Ⅱ): Storage Conditions, Site Selections and Challenges on Leizhou Peninsula, Guangdong Province, South China
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摘要: 玄武岩CO2矿化封存技术是在玄武岩区实现碳封存的新兴CCUS技术. 广东省西南部雷州半岛的玄武岩以拉斑玄武岩和碱性橄榄玄武岩为主，分布面积超过3 000 km2，其矿化封存潜力已引起重视. 根据雷州半岛地质条件和水文地质条件，在该区宜选用勿需盖层便可实现玄武岩中CO2安全封存的Carbfix技术. 而且由于雷州半岛的玄武岩大多埋藏较浅，需选择第四纪火山口玄武岩或深部第三纪玄武岩夹层方可满足Carbfix技术对储层深度的要求.以徐闻县田洋破火山口玄武岩和勇士农场第三纪玄武岩这两个先导项目候选场址为例，分析了在这两类玄武岩中进行矿化封存的可行性、潜力及存在问题，指出对火山口玄武岩注水后的效应研究、玄武岩的深部和横向延伸的探测等是目前遇到的主要挑战，也需要对是否存在影响地下水资源的风险进行监测和研究.提出在雷州半岛有必要开发在中浅（如150 m以下）第四纪玄武岩中进行矿化封存的工艺，并提议在海边选址开展利用海水进行玄武岩CO2封存的探索和试验，希望为扩大雷州半岛玄武岩矿化封存潜力服务，并为开发全球海底玄武岩碳封存资源的利用技术做出贡献.
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关键词:
- 玄武岩CO2矿化封存 /
- 碳捕集利用与封存(CCUS) /
- 封存选址 /
- Carbfix技术 /
- 雷琼火山岩 /
- 雷州半岛
Abstract: CO2 mineralization storage in basaltis a new CCUS technique that enables the sequestration of CO2 in basaltic areas for carbon reduction. The Leizhou Peninsula in the Guangdong Province of South China boasts a vast area covered by basalt, exceeding 3 000 km2.The basaltic formations on the Leizhou Peninsula consist primarily of tholeiite and alkali olivine basalts, making it a promising candidate for CO2 mineralization storage. This paper analyzed the geological and hydrological conditions of the Leizhou Peninsular and pointed out that the Carbfix technology, which allows safe storage of CO2 without caprocks, is applicable to the area, However, the basalts in the peninsular are mostly shallowly buried, and only volcanic crater basalts and deeply buried Tertiary basalts might meet the minimum depth requirements of the Carbfix technology. Currently, Xuwun County's Tianyang Quaternary caldera basalts and the Yongshi Farmland's Tertiary basalts have been identified as potential pilot project sites. The geological and hydrological conditions at these two sites are reviewed, and favorable and unfavorable factors and potential for CO2 storage are analyzed. The primary challenges currently faced are to investigate the safety issues of large⁃quantity water injection into the caldera basalts, and to detect the deep basal interface and lateral extension of the basalts. Additionally, the potential impacts of injected CO2⁃changed water on underground water resources need to be monitored and investigated. The article proposes to develop techniques of storing CO2 in shallower (e.g. < 150 m) basalts, and suggests to conduct necessary experiments at a shore site to explore the feasibility and techniques of using seawater for basalt CO2 storage. These actions will benefit not only expanding the potential of basalt mineralization storage on the Leizhou Peninsula, but also contributing to the study of utilizing global submarine basaltic carbon storage resources. -
图 1 雷州半岛火山岩平面图(a)和剖面图(b)
新生代火山岩喷发期次及分布自汪苗等（2019）；第四纪火山岩厚度等值线和钻井位置自黄镇国等（1993）；穿过雷南的地质剖面图据广东省第四地质大队图件重绘，其中红色虚线示钻井位置. 上方的数字分别为钻井编号（红字）和井口高程（黑字，m）；下方的红字为钻井深度（m）
Fig. 1. Map (a) and cross section (b) of the volcanic rocks in the Leizhou Peninsula, Guangdong Province
图 2 雷州半岛地层及玄武岩分期柱状图
*.广东省地质矿产局（1996）；**. 广东省第四地质大队（钻井资料）；其余自黄镇国等（1993）；最右一列自下而上分别示第三纪、早更新世、中更新世的玄武岩分布区；红色方框示候选场地分布区
Fig. 2. Composite column of stratigraphy and volcanic periods in the Leizhou Peninsula, Guangdong Province
图 3 候选场地工作区的地形及重要钻井分布图
图框范围的区域位置见图 1中红色方框
Fig. 3. Map of the study area, showing the surface elevation, important wells, and location of the Tianyang basin and Yongshi Farmland
图 5 田洋盆地#275井综合柱状图
据广东省第四地质大队资料编绘；数据来源：[1] 陈俊仁等(1990)；[2] 孙嘉诗(1991)；[3] 汪苗等(2019);■. 岩心化学分析的采样位置；数据见表 3.1
Fig. 5. Composite column of the #275 well in the Tianyang basin
图 6 勇士农场#722井和#284井深部下洋组剖面对比
按井口高程将两剖面调整到同一水平面上. “埋深”列中的数字为井深，括号内数字为厚度，单位均为（m）；“岩性”列中的绿色箭头示K-Ar法测年样品的位置和测得年代. 剖面据广东省第四地质大队资料绘制；年代数据自黄镇国等（1993）
Fig. 6. The correlation of the Xiayang Formation in the lower sections of #722 and #284 wells in the Yongshi Farmland
表 1 田洋盆地#275井岩心样品化学分析结果（a）和CIPW标准矿物含量（b）
Table 1. Geochemical compositions (a) and CIPW standard mineral compositions (b) of the core samples from the #275 well
(a) 样号* SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 H2O+ CO2 烧失 样深(m) 年龄(Ma) 岩性 文献 CK275-1 45.5 2.84 13.65 4.57 6.04 0.139 7.4 8.42 2.13 2.44 0.38 6.41 2.41 8.09 杏仁状玄武岩 【1】 CK275-4 48.83 2.86 14.89 2.37 8.99 0.161 8.32 8.15 3.25 2.14 0.36 2.21 0.08 2.58 321~324 2.88±0.5 橄榄玄武岩 【1】 CK275-6 48.05 2.78 14.75 4.3 6.75 0.155 8.12 7.55 2.94 2.07 0.36 3.13 0.39 3.95 杏仁状橄榄玄武岩 【1】 T-471 46.9 2.85 14.35 3.54 6.67 0.14 7.94 7.53 2.84 2.08 0.35 2.76 471 橄榄拉斑玄武岩 【2】 W1 50.83 2.835 15.18 12.14 0.132 7.15 8.06 3.22 2.11 0.33 2.68 228 0.87±0.11 石英拉斑玄武岩 【3】 W2 49.38 2.81 15.49 12.2 0.155 8.08 8.23 3.14 2.16 0.35 0.99 226 0.49±0.05 石英拉斑玄武岩 【3】 W3 50.18 2.893 16.25 12.26 0.131 7.23 8.6 3.15 0.95 0.34 2.79 230 0.73±0.09 石英拉斑玄武岩 【3】 (b) 样号 铁橄榄石 镁橄榄石 紫苏辉石 透辉石 钙长石 钠长石 正长石 石英 磷灰石 磷铁矿 钛铁矿 磁铁矿 榍石 文献 CK275-4 5.09 8.3 8.05 12.19 22.81 27.27 6.68 0.93 3.47 3.49 【4】 W1 14.83 6.43 23.71 27.23 6.57 3.91 0.77 0.28 12.14 4.14 【3】 W2 17.22 6.28 24.77 26.54 6.84 0.99 0.82 0.33 12.2 4.01 【3】 W3 15.47 5.46 27.38 26.67 5.64 2.77 0.79 0.28 12.26 4.28 【3】 注：【1】孙嘉诗(1991)；【2】韩江伟等(2009)；【3】汪苗等(2019). 
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表 2 勇士农场岩心样品的化学分析结果（a）和CIPW标准矿物含量（b）
Table 2. Geochemical compositions (a) and CIPW standard mineral compositions (b) of the core samples from the Yongshi Farmland
(a) 样号* SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na2O K2O P2O5 其他 总量 岩性 文献 YSFM 51.5 1.73 16.65 3.89 5.90 6.12 3.66 4.88 4.15 2.29 0.52 1.74 96.66 粒玄岩 【1】 YS1 51.95 1.56 16.56 12.77 0.18 3.19 4.52 2.80 1.09 0.31 5.46 100.37 石英拉斑玄武岩 【2】 YS3 46.87 1.42 12.33 11.52 0.16 6.55 6.45 2.43 0.46 0.14 11.93 100.25 石英拉斑玄武岩 【2】 YS7 47.96 1.54 13.05 9.56 0.24 6.57 7.26 2.55 0.26 0.20 11.17 100.35 石英拉斑玄武岩 【2】 (b) 样号 紫苏辉石 透辉石 钙长石 钠长石 正长石 石英 磷灰石 钛铁矿 磁铁矿 刚玉 文献 YSFM 13.37 1.34 18.77 35.13 13.30 2.66 1.34 3.28 【1】 YS1 23.51 0.00 21.78 25.22 6.86 12.25 0.76 3.17 2.96 3.5 【2】 YS3 28.75 9.16 24.41 23.61 3.13 4.62 0.37 3.08 2.87 0 【2】 YS7 24.9 10.48 26.44 24.45 1.71 5.83 0.51 3.31 2.35 0 【2】 注：【1】黄镇国等(1993)；【2】中英（广东）CCUS中心内部报告（2022）. 样品YSFM的数据来自 黄镇国等（1993），原著未提供样品的采集位置，从前后文估计来自#722井. 其余3个样品的数据由李鹏春提供，样品采自勇士农场场部附近稻田的废弃岩心，岩性均为石英拉班玄武岩；YS1样品新鲜致密，而YS3和YS7较新鲜、气孔较发育
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表 3 雷琼新生代玄武岩CO2矿化封存潜力估计
Table 3. Estimation of CO2 mineralization and sequestration potential in the Leiqiong Cenozoic basalt
地区 玄武岩参数 封存潜力**(亿吨CO2) 估计方法 文献* 面积(km2) 厚度(km) 体积(km3) 雷州半岛 3 940 等厚线读数 257 4.8~12.5 自然类比 【1】 1.9~38.8 孔隙体积 30.8~45.9 实验系数 雷琼火山岩区 7 000 200~1 000 100~1 000 自然类比 【2】 雷琼火山岩区 8 007 309.5 45.6~81.6 蒙特卡洛 【3】 注：*【1】李鹏春等（2023）；【2】Carbfix（2021）；【3】张亮等（2023）；**.最底部一行是有效封存潜力，其他均为理论封存潜力.
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