Exhumation History and Preservation Degree of Yulong Porphyry Copper Deposit in East Xizang: Constrained by Thermochronology
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摘要:
玉龙斑岩铜矿是玉龙斑岩铜矿带内唯一的超大型斑岩矿床，以往对该矿床的研究多与成因有关，未突出成矿后改造对制定找矿策略的重要意义.运用锆石U-Pb、磷灰石裂变径迹、磷灰石和锆石（U-Th）/He等热年代学方法进行了定年及相关热历史反演模拟研究.结果表明，玉龙矿床含矿二长花岗斑岩的锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为（41.7±0.5）Ma，锆石（U-Th）/He年龄在34.9~39.3 Ma，说明玉龙矿床的岩浆‒热液演化过程可能至少持续了5 Ma.磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在34.7~ 19.7 Ma，磷灰石（U-Th）/He年龄在20.7~18.4 Ma.这几个年龄大致依次降低，能代表冷却和剥蚀事件发生的时间.热历史反演模拟结果显示玉龙矿床经历了大致三个阶段的冷却过程，结合区域构造演化，34~30 Ma经历的相对快速冷却可能与同期印度大陆与亚欧大陆持续碰撞引起的青藏高原快速隆升有关；30~21 Ma相对缓慢的冷却可能是与碰撞活动的减弱有关；21~14 Ma相对快速冷却可能是与同期由构造缩短或者岩浆底垫造成的北羌塘地体地壳加厚事件有关.热历史模拟法计算得到的玉龙矿床剥蚀量为3.45 km，考虑到玉龙矿床4~5 km的成矿深度，矿床深部还有0.5~1.5 km的找矿空间.
Abstract:The Yulong porphyry copper deposit is the only super-large porphyry deposit in the Yulong porphyry copper belt, and the previous research on this deposit is primarily focused on genesis, with limited emphasis on the significance of post-metallogenic transformation in formulating prospecting strategies. Thermochronological methods such as zircon U-Pb, apatite fission track, apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He were employed to date and conduct related thermal history inverse modellings. The results indicate that the zircon U-Pb concordant age of the monzogranite porphyry of the Yulong deposit is (41.7±0.5) Ma, with zircon (U-Th)/He age ranging from 34.9 Ma to 39.3 Ma, indicating that the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution process of the Yulong deposit may have lasted at least 5 Ma. The apatite fission track ages range from 34.7 Ma to 19.7 Ma, while apatite (U-Th)/He ages range from 20.7 Ma to 18.4 Ma. These sequentially decreasing ages are indicative of the timing of cooling and exhumation events. The inverse thermal history modelling indicates that the Yulong deposit has undergone a roughly three-stage cooling process, combined with the regional tectonic evolution data, and the relatively rapid cooling between 34 Ma and 30 Ma may be related to the rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, resulting from the ongoing collision between the India and Eurasian continents during this period. The relatively slow cooling observed between 30 Ma and 21 Ma could be linked to the weakening collision activity. The relatively rapid cooling between 21 Ma and 14 Ma may be associated with the crustal thickening event in the North Qiangtang terrane, triggered by tectonic shortening or magma inflation during this period. Utilizing the thermal history simulation method, the exhumation amount of Yulong deposit is 3.45 km, Considering the 4- 5 km of metallogenic depth of Yulong deposit, there is still 0.5-1.5 km of prospecting space in the deep part of the deposit.
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Key words:
- porphyry copper deposit /
- Yulong /
- deposits /
- uplift and exhumation /
- geochronology /
- deposit preservation
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图 1 三江北段地质图(a)和玉龙斑岩铜矿带南段构造和斑岩分布简图(b)（据Yang and Cooke, 2019修改）
Fig. 1. Geological map of the northern segment of the Sanjiang belt (a) and structural features and porphyry distribution in the southern segment of the Yulong porphyry Cu belt (b) (modified after Yang and Cooke, 2019)
图 2 玉龙矿区地质图（据Chen et al., 2021修改）
Fig. 2. Geological map of the Yulong mining area (modified after Chen et al., 2021)
图 3 玉龙矿床露头采坑和代表性矿石
a.露天采场全景图；b.含孔雀石次生氧化矿石；c.斑岩硫化物矿石；d.褐铁矿. Cv.蓝铜矿；Mal.孔雀石；Py.黄铁矿；Ccp.黄铜矿；Lm.褐铁矿
Fig. 3. Outcrop pits and representative ores of the Yulong deposit
图 4 典型原生矿石镜下照片
a，c，e.反光镜下；b，d，f.正交偏光镜下. Qtz.石英；Py.黄铁矿；Ser.绢云母；Cpy.黄铜矿；Bn.斑铜矿
Fig. 4. Microscopic photographs of typical primary ores
图 5 玉龙矿床二长花岗斑岩锆石阴极发光（CL）图
Fig. 5. Zircon cathodoluminescence (CL) images of monzogranite porphyry, Yulong deposit
图 6 锆石U-Pb谐和年龄及加权平均年龄
Fig. 6. Zircon U-Pb concordia diagrams and weighted mean age plots
图 8 二长花岗斑岩磷灰石裂变径迹年龄雷达图
Fig. 8. Apatite fission track age radar chart of monzogranite porphyry
图 9 用于(U-Th)/He测试的磷灰石颗粒尺寸照片（a）和锆石颗粒尺寸照片（b）
Fig. 9. Apatite crystals (a) and zircon crystals (b) photographs of mineral grains for (U-Th)/He dating
图 10 玉龙矿床热史反演模拟结果（a）及年龄预测图（b）
Fig. 10. Thermal history inversion modeling results for the Yulong deposit: time-temperature paths (a) and predicted age patterns (b)
图 11 (U-Th)/He年龄‒等效U浓度图（a，b）(U-Th)/He年龄‒等效球体半径图（c，d）
Fig. 11. (U-Th)/He age versus eU concentration plots (a, b) and (U-Th)/He age versus equivalent sphere radius plots (c, d)
图 12 玉龙矿床热历史演化
锆石U-Pb年龄数据来源：本研究；辉钼矿Re-Os年龄数据来源：Hou et al.（2006）；黑云母Ar-Ar年龄数据来源：梁华英等（2008）；锆石（U-Th）/He、磷灰石裂变径迹、磷灰石（U-Th）/He年龄数据来源：本研究
Fig. 12. Thermal history evolution of the Yulong deposit
图 13 玉龙矿床热历史模拟最佳曲线与区域构造事件响应图
图中红色曲线为热历史反演模拟得到的期望模型曲线，33~30 Ma青藏高原快速隆升参考Zhong and Ding（1996）、Dai（2005）；20~15 Ma北羌塘地体快速隆升参考Staisch et al.（2016）、Chen et al.（2018）；其中ZPRZ为锆石He部分保留带（180~140 ℃），参考Reiners et al.（2004）；APAZ为磷灰石裂变径迹部分退火带（120~60 ℃），参考Laslett et al.（1982）；APRZ为磷灰石He部分保留带（80~40 ℃），参考Wolf et al.（1998）
Fig. 13. Coupled thermal-tectonic evolution of the Yulong deposit: best-fit thermal history path and its response to regional tectonic events
表 1 玉龙矿床热年代学样品信息
Table 1. Thermochronological sample information of the Yulong deposit
样品编号 岩性 测试方法 经度(E) 纬度(N) 高程(m) ZK1303-681 二长花岗斑岩 锆石U-Pb、磷灰石裂变径迹、锆石(U-Th)/He和磷灰石(U-Th)/He 97°44 '05.37 " 31°24'16.26 " 4 050 ZK1303-371 二长花岗斑岩 磷灰石裂变径迹 97°44 '05.37 " 31°24'16..26 " 4 360 YL23-3-2 二长花岗斑岩 锆石U-Pb、磷灰石裂变径迹、锆石(U-Th)/He和磷灰石(U-Th)/He 97°43'22.26" 31°24'33.33" 4 730 ZK1203-229 二长花岗斑岩 磷灰石裂变径迹 97°43'42.17" 31°24'18.42" 4 470 
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表 2 磷灰石裂变径迹实验结果
Table 2. Experimental results of apatite fission tracks
样品号 颗粒数 ρs(106cm‒2) 238U/43Ca err(238U/43Ca) P(X2) 中值年龄(Ma) MTL(µm) 围陷径迹数量 ZK1303-681 20 860 282.5 0.231 6 0.002 5 99.00 20.71±2.7 11.41 18 ZK1303-371 20 782 342.2 0.216 1 0.002 5 99.00 19.7±2.8 12.98 15 YL23-3-2 10 724 515.3 0.088 0 0.001 8 100.00 34.7±7.2 12.35 20 ZK1203-229 7 947 724.3 0.150 2 0.002 5 66.00 31.5±9.4 11.96 13
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表 3 锆石和磷灰石(U-Th)/He热年代学结果
Table 3. Zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology results
样品号 质量(µg) U(10‒6) Th(10‒6) Th/U eU(10‒6) He(nmol/g) ESR(µm) 年龄(Ma) ±σ(Ma) FT 校正年龄(Ma) ±σ(Ma) YL23-3-2-A2 8.29 3.93 11.58 2.95 6.65 1.13 48.46 31.36 1.37 0.769 40.78 1.8 ZK1303-681-A1 2.18 12.22 10.74 0.88 14.74 1.11 36.75 14 0.78 0.677 20.68 1.2 ZK1303-681-A3 3.51 4.68 5.27 1.13 5.92 0.43 47.09 13.54 0.74 0.736 18.40 1.0 YL23-3-2-Z1 4.16 476.57 272.15 0.57 540.53 75.48 36.41 25.76 1.48 0.656 39.27 2.3 YL23-3-2-Z3 6.44 297.13 91.86 0.31 318.72 45.2 50.22 26.24 1.58 0.751 34.94 2.1 ZK1303-681-Z2 3.53 411.27 168.24 0.41 450.81 76.2 41.95 31.32 1.86 0.703 44.55 2.6 ZK1303-681-Z3 8.74 337.66 136.7 0.4 369.78 55.02 57.47 27.74 1.65 0.779 35.61 2.1
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表 4 玉龙矿床热年代学数据汇总
Table 4. Summary of Yulong geothermal chronological data
岩性 年龄（Ma） 定年方法 数据来源 二长花岗斑岩 43.8±0.7 Zircon U-Pb SHRIMP 王成辉等(2009) 二长花岗斑岩 43±0.5 Zircon U-Pb SHRIMP 王成辉等(2009) 二长花岗斑岩 41±1 Zircon U-Pb SHRIMP 郭利果等(2006) 石英二长斑岩 41.3±0.3 Zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS Liang et al. (2006) 正长花岗斑岩 41.2±0.3 Zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS Liang et al. (2006) 二长花岗斑岩 40.6±0.3 Zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS Li et al. (2012) 二长花岗斑岩 41±0.4 Zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS Li et al. (2012) 二长花岗斑岩 40.7±0.4 Zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS Li et al. (2012) 二长花岗斑岩 41.2±0.8 Zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS Li et al. (2012) 二长花岗斑岩 42±0.3 Zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS Chang et al. (2017) 钾长石花岗斑岩 41.2±0.3 Zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS Chang et al. (2017) 石英钠长斑岩 40.2±0.3 Zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS Chang et al. (2017) 二长花岗斑岩 41±0.3 Zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS Huang et al. (2019) 二长花岗斑岩 40.9±0.3 Zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS Huang et al. (2019) 二长花岗斑岩 41±0.2 Zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS Chen et al. (2021) 二长花岗斑岩 41.8±0.5 Zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS 本研究 二长花岗斑岩 41.5±0.2 Zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS 本研究 石英‒绢云母蚀变带中的石英脉 40.5±0.7 Molybdenite Re-Os ID-ICPMS Hou et al. (2006) 石英‒绢云母蚀变带中的石英脉 40.4±0.7 Molybdenite Re-Os ID-ICPMS Hou et al. (2006) 石英‒绢云母蚀变带中的石英脉 41±0.8 Molybdenite Re-Os ID-ICPMS Hou et al. (2006) 石英‒绢云母蚀变带中的石英脉 40.9±0.7 Molybdenite Re-Os ID-ICPMS Hou et al. (2006) 二长花岗斑岩中的石英脉 40.9 ±0.6 Molybdenite Re-Os ID-ICPMS 唐菊兴等(2009) 二长花岗斑岩中的石英脉 41.3 ±0.6 Molybdenite Re-Os ID-ICPMS 唐菊兴等(2009) 二长花岗斑岩中的石英脉 40.7 ±0.6 Molybdenite Re-Os ID-ICPMS 唐菊兴等(2009) 二长花岗斑岩中的石英脉 40.1 ±0.6 Molybdenite Re-Os ID-ICPMS 唐菊兴等(2009) 二长花岗斑岩中的石英脉 39.7 ±0.6 Molybdenite Re-Os ID-ICPMS 唐菊兴等(2009) 钾蚀变带热液黑云母 41.3 ±0.8 Biotite Ar-Ar 梁华英等(2008) 二长花岗斑岩 37.8 ±1.3 Zircon (U-Th)/He Li et al. (2012) 二长花岗斑岩 39.6 ±1.4 Zircon (U-Th)/He Li et al. (2012) 二长花岗斑岩 39.6 ±1.4 Zircon (U-Th)/He Li et al. (2012) 二长花岗斑岩 35.7 ±1.2 Zircon (U-Th)/He Li et al. (2012) 二长花岗斑岩 37.7 ±1.3 Zircon (U-Th)/He Li et al. (2012) 二长花岗斑岩 37.0 ±1.3 Zircon (U-Th)/He Li et al. (2012) 二长花岗斑岩 39.3 ±2.3 Zircon (U-Th)/He 本研究 二长花岗斑岩 34.9 ±2.1 Zircon (U-Th)/He 本研究 二长花岗斑岩 35.6 ±2.1 Zircon (U-Th)/He 本研究 二长花岗斑岩 20.7 ±2.7 Apatite Fission Track 本研究 二长花岗斑岩 19.7 ±2.8 Apatite Fission Track 本研究 二长花岗斑岩 34.7 ±7.2 Apatite Fission Track 本研究 二长花岗斑岩 31.5±9.4 Apatite Fission Track 本研究 二长花岗斑岩 20.7±1.2 Apatite (U-Th)/He 本研究 二长花岗斑岩 18.4±1.1 Apatite (U-Th)/He 本研究
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