Structure, Permeability and Fluid Flow in Sedimentary Clastic Rock Fault Zone
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摘要: 断裂生长过程中形成复杂断裂带，占地壳极小体积的断裂带对壳内流体运移有重要影响，断裂带与地层流体之间流固相互作用研究具有重要地质及工程意义.以近30年来沉积碎屑岩断裂带结构、渗透性及流体运移等方面取得的多学科研究进展为重点，总结断裂带结构类型及其几何学特征，系统梳理了断裂带渗透率数据，分析了渗透性变化规律，阐述了包括优势路径、渗流特征、幕式过程、临界条件以及多场耦合渗流机制等在内的断裂带流体运移规律.研究表明，断裂带划分为二元、三级结构体系，具有“分段幂律”发育规律，断裂带渗透率变化主要受3类因素控制，不同要素相互竞争控制的渗透性变化形成断裂带流体的幕式运移过程，其运移渗流规律是应力-温压-渗流-化学等多场耦合结果.通过多学科综合研究，以期加深对断裂-流体-成藏（矿）这一复杂过程的理解，断裂带非线性、多相态、多场渗流规律需深入研究.Abstract: During the fault growth process, a fault zone with complex three-dimensional structure is formed. The fault zones occupying a very small volume in the Earth's crust have a significant impact on the migration of fluids within the crust. The study of the interaction between fluids and solids in these fault zones is of great geological and engineering importance. Over the past 30 years, multidisciplinary research has been conducted on the characteristics of fault zones, permeability, and fluid migration patterns in sedimentary clastic rock. However, there is a lack of understanding and efforts in systematically comparing and comprehensively explaining the findings across different disciplines. In this paper, it summarizes the types, formation mechanisms, and geometric characteristics of fault zone. It systematically reviews data on the permeability of fault zones, analyzes three categories of factors influencing permeability changes, and elucidates the fluid migration behavior within fault zones, including dominant pathways, migration velocity, periodic frequencies, critical conditions, and multi-field coupled migration mechanisms. By summarizing the research progress over the past 30 years, in this paper it is expected to deepen our understanding of the complex geological processes of fault-fluid-mineralization. It is important to note that further interdisciplinary collaboration is needed to conduct more in-depth research on the fluid migration within fault zones.
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Key words:
- fault /
- fault zone structure /
- fault zone permerbility /
- fluid migration /
- review /
- tectonics /
- petroleum geology
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图 1 断层断裂带地质特征与划分
Fig. 1. Geological characteristics and division of fault zone across a fault
图 2 断裂带地质特征与划分
Fig. 2. Simple schematic illustration of the fault damage zone around a fault
图 3 变形带微观形变特征及其渗透率
数据引自Fossen et al.(2007, 2018)
Fig. 3. Graph showing microscopic characteristics and permeability of deformation bands
图 4 断距与断裂长度关系
数据汇编自Kolyukhin and Torabi（2012）
Fig. 4. Comparison plot of displacement versus length for faults
图 5 断距与核部厚度关系
数据汇编自Knott et al.（1996）；Sperrevik et al.（2002）；Wibberley et al.（2008）；Childs et al.（2009）；Torabi and Berg（2011）
Fig. 5. Thickness of fault core versus displacement for faults
图 6 断距与裂缝带宽度关系
数据汇编自Faulkner et al.（2011）；Savage and Brodsky（2011）；Kolyukhin and Torabi（2012）
Fig. 6. Thickness of damage zone versus displacement for faults
图 7 断裂带裂缝密度与距断层核部距离
Fig. 7. Fracture density with distance from the fault core for faults
图 8 断裂带不同断层岩渗透率
数据引自Neuzil（1994）；Fossen et al.（2007）；Jolley et al.（2007）；Nieto Camargo and Jensen（2012）；Walker et al.（2013）；Fisher et al.（2018）
Fig. 8. Graph showing permeability of fault rock in fault zone
图 9 断裂带流体渗流的水文地质模型
Fig. 9. Schematic hydrogeological properties of fault zone architecture
图 10 断裂活动周期中应力、压力及渗透性演化示意
修改自段庆宝等（2015）；Warren-Smith et al.（2019）
Fig. 10. Schematic diagram illustrating the stress, fluid pressure, and permeability evolution in a fault zone during the seismic cycle
图 11 准噶尔盆地南缘碎屑岩断裂结构特征
Fig. 11. Characteristics of fault zone in north margin of Junggar basin
表 1 几种主要裂缝介质渗流公式
Table 1. Several experiential equations of flow in fracture
主要模型 公式及其变形 参数 引用文献 立方公式 $ v=\frac{g{w}^{2}}{12\mu }J $ v.流速，m/s；J.水力梯度，MPa/m；g.重力加速度，9.8 m/s2；
μ.流体粘度，Pa·s；W.缝宽，m.王媛和速宝玉，2002 $ q=\frac{g}{12\mu }{w}^{n}{J}^{m}\frac{1}{1+\mathrm{\epsilon }{\delta }^{\eta }} $ q.单宽流量，m3/s；g.重力加速度，9.8 m/s2；μ.流体粘度，Pa·s；
δ.相对粗造度，无量纲；ε、η、m、n.均为系数，无量纲.许光祥等，2003 Izbash公式 $ J=-a{v}^{m} $
$ v=C\sqrt[]{RJ} $
$ J=B{v}^{2} $v.流速，m/s；J.水力梯度，MPa/m；
C、R、B、a.均为系数，无量纲杨天鸿等，2016 Forchheimer公式 $ J=-(av+b{v}^{2}) $
$ J=av+b{v}^{1.5}+c{v}^{2} $
$ J=av+b{v}^{3} $v.流速，m/s；J.水力梯度，MPa/m；
a、b、c.均为常数，无量纲杨天鸿等，2016 
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表 2 岩石破裂断裂准则(据付旭等，2011)
Table 2. Criteria for different modes of brittle failure (Fu et al., 2011)
断裂模式及条件 破裂要素的函数关系 主要参数 拉张断裂
σ1‒σ3 < 4Tτ2=4T(σn‒Pf)+4T2
Pf=σ3+Tσ1，最大主应力，MPa；σ3，最小主应力，MPa；
T，抗张强度，MPa；σn，正应力，MPa；Pf，流体压力，MPa；C，内聚力，MPa；τ，剪应力，MPa；μi，
摩擦系数，无量纲；μs，静摩系数，无量纲；
θr，断层面与σ1夹角，°张性剪切断层
4T < σ1‒σ3 < 5.66Tτ2=4T(σn‒Pf)+4T2
Pf=σ3+[8T(σ1+σ3)-(σ1‒σ3)2]/16T压性剪切断层
σ1‒σ3 > 5.667Tτ=C+μi（σn‒Pf）
Pf=σ3+[8T‒(σ1‒σ3)]/3无粘合力断层再剪切 τ=μs（σn‒Pf）
Pf=σ3‒[(σ1‒σ3)(1‒0.75tanθr)]/
[0.75(cotθr+tanθr)]
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