Modern Climate-Controlled Plant Growth Experiments Exploring the Microbial Drivers of Terrestrial Vegetation Succession after the Permian-Triassic Mass Extinction
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摘要: 植物通过与微生物共生（如菌根真菌与固氮细菌），增强自身对矿物质营养元素与水分的吸收能力，提高对极端气候的耐受性.尽管植物‒微生物共生作用的意义重大，但由于化石难以保存，地球历史关键气候转折期中有关植物与微生物共生关系的直接证据较为稀缺.以二叠纪‒三叠纪生物大灭绝期间残存植物的现代亲缘种为研究对象（异叶南洋杉Araucaria heterophylla、福建苏铁Cycas revoluta和银杏Ginkgo biloba），通过设置人工气候植物培养箱组的温度，进行一年的培养，通过高通量扩增子测序分析这些植物根系微生物的群落组成和相对丰度变化，与化石记录的植物演化过程对比，探索三叠纪极端温室气候下微生物与植物相互作用关系对植物生存的影响.初步结果表明，在常温25 ℃的基础上升高10 ℃后，南洋杉根际微生物中有益和有害微生物的相对丰度比例高于苏铁和银杏，这可能是南洋杉这类松柏类植物能在早三叠世极端高温环境中成为主要类群的原因之一.然而，随着培养温度降低至30 ℃和25 ℃，苏铁和银杏根际微生物的表现更为优越，分别在稍冷的晚三叠世及之后的群落中占据优势地位.本研究从微生物的角度揭示了二叠纪‒三叠纪大灭绝后植物适应极端温室气候的机制，为理解深时植物‒微生物‒环境相互作用提供了重要数据支撑.Abstract: Plants enhance their nutrient and water uptake and improve resilience to extreme climates through mutualism with microorganisms, including mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Despite the ecological significance of plant-microbe interactions, direct evidence of such symbioses during critical climate transitions in Earth's history remains limited due to the lack of relevant fossil records. This study adopts a modern-analogue approach, focusing on extant relatives of plants that survived the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, including Araucaria heterophylla, Cycas revoluta, and Ginkgo biloba. Using artificial climate chambers with temperature gradients, these plants were cultivated for one year, and high-throughput amplicon sequencing was employed to analyse the composition and relative abundance of root-associated microbial communities. The findings were then compared to plant fossil evidence to explore the impact of plant-microbe symbioses on plant survival under the extreme greenhouse climates of the Triassic. Preliminary results indicate that increasing the temperature by 10 ℃ above 25 ℃ resulted in a higher relative abundance ratio of beneficial and harmful microorganisms in the rhizosphere of Araucaria compared to Cycas and Ginkgo. This may explain why coniferous plants like Araucaria became dominant during the high-temperature conditions of the Early Triassic. However, at lower temperatures (30 ℃ and 25 ℃), the microbial communities associated with Cycas and Ginkgo exhibited greater adaptive advantages, consistent with their later dominance in cooler Late Triassic and post-Triassic ecosystems. This study provides microbial-based insights into the mechanisms by which plants adapted to extreme greenhouse climates following the Permian-Triassic mass extinction and contributes valuable data for understanding deep-time plant-microbe-environment interactions.
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图 1 植物‒微生物相互作用关系简图
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of plant-microorganism interactions
图 2 人工气候控制植物培养实验部分植物样本照片
a、b为南洋杉；c、d为银杏；e、f为苏铁
Fig. 2. Representative plant samples used in climate-controlled growth experiments
图 4 不同植被类型土壤基质、根际土和细根中主要真菌属的相对丰度
Fig. 4. Relative abundance of major fungal genera in soil substrates, rhizosphere soil, and fine roots across different plant species
图 5 不同植被类型土壤基质、根际土和细根中主要细菌属的相对丰度
Fig. 5. Relative abundance of major bacterial genera in soil substrates, rhizosphere soil, and fine roots across various plant species
图 6 25 ℃、30℃、35 ℃培养下南洋杉、苏铁和银杏的根际土与细根的真菌与细菌功能群相对丰度变化
图中共包括3次采样数据,分别为2023年9月2日实验开始前、2023年11月第2次采样、2024年8月第5次采样.每个数据为3株重复样的平均值
Fig. 6. Relative abundance changes of various fungal and bacterial functional groups in soil substrates, rhizosphere soil, and fine roots of Araucaria, Cycas, and Ginkgo cultivated at 25 ℃,30 ℃,and 35 ℃
图 7 全球晚二叠世至早侏罗世全球温度演化、不同温度培养下植物根系有益/有害微生物相对丰度比例排序、低纬度华南植物大化石中裸子植物组成变化
全球平均温度数据（黑色）修改自Scotese et al.（2021）；全球表面平均温度数据（黄色）修改自Judd et al.（2024）；微生物数据来自本文；华南植物大化石中裸子植物组成数据来源于Xu et al.（2022）和Yu et al.（2022）
Fig. 7. Global temperature evolution from the Late Permian to the Early Jurassic, relative abundance ratios of beneficial vs. harmful microbes in present-day climate-controlled plant growth experiments at varying temperatures, and changes in gymnosperm composition in low-latitude South China plant macrofossils
表 1 人工气候控制植物培养箱设置条件
Table 1. Climatic conditions within the climate-controlled plant growth chambers
培养箱设置 不同样品培养每日最高温度 最强光照
（µmol∙m‒2∙s‒1）空气湿度(%) 土壤湿度(%) 土壤pH pCO2
（10‒6）25 ℃ 35 ℃ 30 ℃ 银杏 G1 G4 G8 300 70~80 70~80 6~7 ~420 G2 G6 G9 G3 G7 G10 南洋杉 A1 A4 300 70~80 70~80 6~7 ~420 A2 A5 A3 A6 苏铁 C1 C4 300 70~80 70~80 6~7 ~420 C2 C5 C3 C6 
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表 2 本实验中常见真菌和细菌属种及其常见功能类型
Table 2. Common fungal and bacterial functional groups identified in this study
界 门/亚门 纲/目/科/属 常见功能类型 参考文献 真菌 真球囊菌亚门 Glomus 菌根真菌 Ruiz-Lozano et al., 1995 子囊菌门 Phaeoacremonium 病原体 Crous et al., 1996 子囊菌门 Fusarium 病原体 Loskutov et al., 2019 担子菌门 Thanatephrous 病原体 Sun et al., 2023 子囊菌门 Phialemonium 动物病原体、腐生菌、部分为对植物有益菌 Rivera-Vega et al., 2022 子囊菌门 Aspergillus 病原菌 Zakaria, 2024 担子菌门 Leucocoprinus 腐生菌 Arun Kumar and Manimohan, 2009 子囊菌门 Ascobolus 腐生菌 Maloy and Hughes, 2013 担子菌门 Conocybe 腐生菌 Song and Bau, 2023 子囊菌门 Penicillium 腐生菌 Rippon et al., 1965 细菌 放线菌门 Streptomyces 有益菌，根瘤 Tarkka et al., 2008 变形菌门 Paraburholderia kururiensis 有益菌 et al., 2019 变形菌门 Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium 有益菌，根瘤 Zhang et al., 2024 变形菌门 Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia 有益菌/病原体 Kaur et al., 2017 变形菌门 Burkholderiaceae 有益菌，根瘤 Angus et al., 2014 变形菌门 Variovorax 有益菌，促进根瘤菌生长 Sun et al., 2018 变形菌门 Dongia 有益菌 Jia et al., 2022 变形菌门 Enterobacteriaceae 有益菌 Maheshwari, 2011 变形菌门 Novosphingobium 有益菌 Krishnan et al., 2017 变形菌门 Pseudomonas 有益菌 Preston, 2004 变形菌门 Rhodanobacteraceae 有益菌 Xue et al., 2022 绿弯菌门 Anaerolineae 厌氧腐生菌 Xia et al., 2016
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