Development and Application of Solid-Liquid Two-Phase Similar Material for Reservoir Rock Slope Model Test
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摘要: 相似材料是水库型岩质边坡模型试验的关键.通过正交试验和大量室内试验研制出一种能同时模拟边坡岩体物理力学性能和渗流作用相似的固-液两相相似材料，该材料以石英砂、铁精粉和重晶石粉为骨料、水泥和石膏为胶结剂、硅油为调节剂.系统研究不同配比对材料力学性质的影响规律，确定各性能的主控组分，并利用多元回归分析建立各参数与材料配比之间的经验方程.最后结合工程案例配制相似模型材料，评价该材料的相似效果，并应用于水库型边坡模型试验过程中破坏模式和渗流场分析.试验结果表明：（1）相似材料各物理力学和水理参数分布范围较广，能满足岩质边坡模型试验对材料物理力学性能和渗流作用相似的需求，是一种理想的固-液两相材料；（2）相似材料各参数主控参量明显，便于通过调节配比模拟不同类型边坡岩体；（3）通过多元回归分析能够高效地配制边坡模型所需的相似材料，相似效果较好，边坡模型发生压剪变形破坏，分析了库水作用下模型试验过程中孔隙水压力变化规律.研究成果为进一步开展水库型岩质边坡模型试验多场演化特征研究提供参考.Abstract: Similar material is the key to the model test of reservoir rock slope. A kind of solid-liquid two-phase similar material which can simulate physical and mechanical properties similar and seepage action similar of slope rock mass at the same time is developed through orthogonal test and a large number of laboratory tests. The material uses quartz sand, iron powder and barite powder as aggregate, cement and gypsum as cementing agent and silicone oil as regulator. The influence of material different ratios on its mechanical properties is systematically studied, and the main control components of each property are determined, and the empirical equation between each parameter and the ratio of materials is established by multiple regression analysis. Finally, the similar materials of model test are prepared in combination with an engineering case, and the similar effect of those materials is evaluated, and the materials are applied to the failure mode and seepage field analysis in the model test of reservoir slope. The test results show follows: (1) Physical, mechanical parameters, and hydro-physical properties of similar materials are widely distributed, which can meet the requirements of physical and mechanical properties similar and seepage action similar of rock slope model test, and it is an ideal solid-liquid two-phase similar material. (2) The main control components of similar materials are obvious, which is convenient to simulate different types of slope rock mass by adjusting the ratio. (3) Multiple regression analysis can efficiently concoct similar materials for slope model test, and the similarity effect is good. The slope model undergoes compression shear deformation and failure, and the variation law of pore water pressure during model testing under the action of reservoir water is analyzed. The research results can provide reference for further research on multi-field evolution characteristics of reservoir rock slope model test.
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图 3 相似试样及灰岩单轴压缩破坏形式
a. 自然状态相似试样；b. 饱和状态相似试样；c. 灰岩原岩
Fig. 3. Failure mode of similar samples and limestone under uniaxial compression test
图 5 抗压强度及其软化效应系数敏感性因素分析
a. 抗压强度分析；b. 软化系数分析
Fig. 5. Sensitivity factors analysis of compressive strength and its softening effect coefficient
图 6 黏聚力及其软化效应系数敏感性因素分析
a. 黏聚力分析；b. 黏聚力软化效应系数分析
Fig. 6. Sensitivity factors analysis of cohesion and its softening effect coefficient
图 7 内摩擦角及其软化效应系数敏感性因素分析
a. 内摩擦角分析；b. 内摩擦角软化效应系数分析
Fig. 7. Sensitivity factor analysis of internal friction angle and its softening effect coefficient
图 9 各参数多元回归拟合结果与试验结果比较
a. 密度；b. 干、湿抗压强度；c. 干、湿黏聚力；d. 干、湿内摩擦角；e. 渗透系数
Fig. 9. Comparison of fitted and experimental results for physical and mechanical parameters
图 14 蓄水阶段和整个试验过程孔隙水压力变化规律
a. 蓄水阶段；b. 整个试验过程
Fig. 14. Variation law of pore water pressure during impoundment stage and the whole test process
表 1 相似材料配比正交设计
Table 1. Orthogonal design of similar material
水平 因素A(%) 因素B(%) 因素C(%) 因素D(%) 1 2 60 25 15 2 4 70 35 20 3 6 80 45 25 4 8 90 55 30 5 10 100 65 35 注：每组试验设定固体材料、水和硅油质量恒定，分别取600 g、90 g、3.6 g；早强剂和减泡剂质量取胶结材料质量的0.1%. 
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表 2 相似材料物理力学参数测试结果
Table 2. Physical and mechanical parameters test results of similar material
试验号 设计配比 ρ(g·cm-3) 抗压强度（MPa） 剪切强度 软化效应系数 k(cm·s-1) σc σcω c(MPa) cω(MPa) φ(°) φω(°) krσ krc krφ No.1 A1B1C1D1 2.54 0.19 0.13 0.15 0.11 36.63 19.94 0.69 0.73 0.54 5.05×10-6 No.2 A1B2C2D2 2.52 0.20 0.10 0.19 0.13 38.06 21.71 0.51 0.68 0.57 6.67×10-6 No.3 A1B3C3D3 2.45 0.32 / 0.56 / 45.00 / / / / No.4 A1B4C4D4 2.40 0.55 / 0.68 / 50.42 / / / / No.5 A1B5C5D5 2.28 1.18 0.38 1.10 0.59 58.51 33.37 0.32 0.54 0.57 9.63×10-5 No.6 A2B1C2D3 2.53 0.44 0.29 0.28 0.18 34.76 21.42 0.65 0.64 0.62 1.38×10-5 No.7 A2B2C3D4 2.49 0.39 0.20 0.34 0.23 39.41 26.81 0.51 0.68 0.68 2.87×10-5 No.8 A2B3C4D5 2.41 0.68 0.27 0.55 0.33 41.08 28.25 0.39 0.60 0.69 6.21×10-5 No.9 A2B4C5D1 2.20 0.81 0.34 0.97 0.45 46.36 30.78 0.42 0.46 0.66 8.73×10-5 No.10 A2B5C1D2 2.56 1.23 / 0.73 / 32.27 / / / / / No.11 A3B1C3D5 2.54 0.76 0.47 0.54 0.28 35.39 26.82 0.62 0.52 0.76 2.65×10-5 No.12 A3B2C4D1 2.46 0.69 0.40 0.55 0.32 40.32 29.75 0.58 0.58 0.74 3.75×10-5 No.13 A3B3C5D2 2.41 0.94 0.43 0.82 0.35 43.10 31.16 0.46 0.43 0.72 5.12×10-5 No.14 A3B4C1D3 2.63 1.29 0.50 0.92 0.68 33.19 20.89 0.39 0.74 0.63 2.12×10-6 No.15 A3B5C2D4 2.65 2.22 0.82 1.23 0.89 31.17 19.10 0.37 0.72 0.61 1.36×10-5 No.16 A4B1C4D2 2.44 1.07 0.63 0.56 0.37 37.12 27.54 0.59 0.66 0.74 2.41×10-5 No.17 A4B2C5D3 2.34 1.06 0.57 0.65 0.36 37.37 26.34 0.54 0.55 0.70 4.61×10-5 No.18 A4B3C1D4 2.66 1.80 0.81 0.98 0.57 21.44 17.90 0.45 0.58 0.83 2.64×10-6 No.19 A4B4C2D5 2.55 1.83 0.99 0.72 0.40 27.26 21.69 0.54 0.56 0.80 1.45×10-5 No.20 A4B5C3D1 2.51 2.69 0.94 1.06 0.61 25.72 20.81 0.35 0.58 0.81 2.61×10-5 No.21 A5B1C5D4 2.37 1.45 1.19 0.81 0.42 40.43 33.10 0.82 0.52 0.82 4.59×10-5 No.22 A5B2C1D5 2.71 2.48 1.07 0.71 0.58 18.77 15.37 0.43 0.82 0.82 3.15×10-6 No.23 A5B3C2D1 2.60 2.33 1.47 1.08 0.59 25.39 19.57 0.63 0.55 0.77 1.26×10-5 No.24 A5B4C3D2 2.52 2.21 1.28 1.24 0.70 25.41 20.46 0.58 0.56 0.81 3.95×10-5 No.25 A5B5C4D3 2.44 3.10 1.30 1.70 0.74 33.56 28.37 0.42 0.44 0.85 5.12×10-5
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表 3 原岩物理力学参数和水理性参数
Table 3. Physical and mechanical parameters and hydro⁃physical properties of original rock
介质 ρ(g·cm-3) 抗压强度(MPa) 剪切强度 软化效应系数 k(cm·s-1) σc σcω c(MPa) cω(MPa) φ(°) φω(°) krσ krc krφ 灰岩基岩区(原岩①) 2.70 102.30 65.00 1.00 0.66 45.00 33.30 0.64 0.66 0.74 2.49×10-4 灰岩卸荷区(原岩②) 2.60 81.30 49.50 0.60 0.30 38.66 26.57 0.61 0.50 0.69 2.49×10-4 泥灰岩基岩区(原岩③) 2.70 70.31 40.00 0.60 0.35 38.66 27.06 0.57 0.58 0.70 2.65×10-4 泥灰岩卸荷区(原岩④) 2.60 54.05 30.00 0.48 0.24 30.96 21.80 0.56 0.50 0.70 2.65×10-4
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表 4 模型试验相似材料配比
Table 4. Proportion of similar materials in model test
介质 A(%) B(%) C(%) D(%) 模型材料① 7.26 65.27 48.99 27.75 模型材料② 6.33 66.62 50.63 13.36 模型材料③ 5.42 68.34 47.52 26.99 模型材料④ 4.38 71.18 46.54 23.75
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表 5 相似材料力学参数相似效果对比
Table 5. Comparison of similar effects of similar materials
介质 ρ
(g·cm-3)抗压强度(MPa) 剪切强度 软化效应系数 k(cm·s-1) σc σcω c(MPa) cω(MPa) φ(°) φω(°) krσ krc krφ 相似比Cx 计算
结果1.07 107 107 107 107 1 1 1 1 1 9.35 模型材料① 换算
结果2.52 0.96 0.61 0.009 3 0.006 2 45.00 33.30 0.64 0.66 0.74 2.66×10-5 拟合
结果2.50 1.00 0.61 0.56 0.34 34.18 26.06 0.61 0.61 0.76 2.66×10-5 验证
试验2.50 1.02 0.60 0.57 0.40 36.70 26.41 0.59 0.70 0.72 1.79×10-5 模型材料② 换算
结果2.43 0.76 0.46 0.005 6 0.002 8 38.66 26.57 0.61 0.50 0.69 2.66×10-5 拟合
结果2.45 0.71 0.46 0.51 0.28 35.83 25.94 0.65 0.55 0.72 2.66×10-5 验证
试验2.49 0.69 0.43 0.50 0.30 37.68 26.06 0.62 0.60 0.69 2.87×10-5 模型材料③ 换算
结果2.52 0.66 0.37 0.005 6 0.003 3 38.66 27.06 0.57 0.58 0.70 2.84×10-5 拟合
结果2.49 0.64 0.37 0.47 0.30 37.44 26.13 0.58 0.64 0.70 2.84×10-5 验证
试验2.49 0.62 0.36 0.45 0.29 37.14 27.53 0.58 0.64 0.74 3.01×10-5 模型材料④ 换算
结果2.43 0.51 0.28 0.004 5 0.002 2 30.96 21.80 0.56 0.50 0.70 2.84×10-5 拟合
结果2.47 0.51 0.28 0.45 0.28 38.98 25.89 0.56 0.62 0.66 2.84×10-5 验证
试验2.46 0.50 0.26 0.39 0.25 38.83 26.82 0.52 0.64 0.69 3.18×10-5
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