Impact of Discharge Variability on Sedimentary Characteristics in Shallow-Water Deltas
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摘要: 流量变化对河控浅水三角洲沉积特征和生长过程影响显著，为揭示不同流量变化条件下三角洲的宏观形态与内部构型特征，基于现代沉积及水文资料，采用动力学模拟软件开展了不同流量变化下的三角洲沉积数值模拟研究.研究表明：流量变化控制河道迁移速率和改道频率，影响三角洲地貌特征与内部构型特征；高流量变化条件下，三角洲呈扇状，分流河道频繁决口、分叉及废弃，河网结构复杂，河道数量显著增加，沉积物横向扩展明显，三角洲面积增大，岸线趋于光滑；低流量变化条件下，三角洲多呈鸟足状，分流河道较少且稳定，沉积物集中于河口，岸线糙度较高.研究成果可为相似三角洲沉积模式解析及油气储层预测提供科学依据.Abstract: Discharge variability significantly impacts the sedimentary characteristics and growth processes of river-dominated shallow-water deltas. In this study it aims to explore the macroscopic morphology and internal architecture of deltas under different discharge variability conditions. Based on modern sedimentological and hydrological data, numerical simulations of deltaic sedimentation under varying discharge conditions were conducted using a hydrodynamic modeling software. The findings indicate that flow variation controls channel migration rates and avulsion frequencies, thereby influencing the geomorphic and architectural features of deltas. Under high flow variation conditions, deltas exhibit fan-shaped geometries, frequent avulsion, bifurcation, and abandonment of distributary channels, resulting in complex channel networks. Channel numbers increase significantly, sedimentary material expands laterally, delta areas grow larger, and shorelines become smoother. In contrast, under low flow variation conditions, deltas are primarily bird-foot shaped, with fewer and more stable distributary channels. Sediments concentrate at the river mouth, and shoreline roughness is higher. These findings provide a scientific basis for analyzing similar deltaic sedimentary patterns and predicting hydrocarbon reservoir architectures.
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图 1 Delft3D模拟区域初始水深分布(a)和6轮模型的月流量变化特征(b)
Fig. 1. Initial water depth distribution in the Delft3D simulation area (a) and monthly discharge variability characteristics of the six model rounds (b)
图 2 R0河控浅水三角洲沉积演化过程
a~f.R0模拟在4年、8年、12年、16年、20年、24年时水深特征；g. $ Y $=2 km剖面三角洲沉积构型；h~j. 主河道侧向迁移过程；k~m. 废弃河道废弃过程
Fig. 2. Sedimentary evolution process of the R0 river-dominated shallow-water delta
图 3 R4河控浅水三角洲沉积演化过程
a~f.R4模拟在4年、8年、12年、16年、20年、24年时水深特征；g.$ Y $=2 km剖面三角洲沉积构型；h~j.西侧主河道形成及废弃过程；k~m.东侧主河道形成及废弃过程
Fig. 3. Sedimentary evolution process of the R4 river-dominated shallow-water delta
图 4 模拟后期三角洲地貌特征及现代相似三角洲卫星照片
a~f.R0~R5模拟后期（第20年）三角洲沉积展布特征（水深）；g.低流量变化河控浅水三角洲卫星照片，位于俄罗斯贝加尔湖东北侧（55°49'32"N，109°56'40"E）（来源Google Earth）；h.高流量变化河控浅水三角洲卫星照片，位于蒙古国哈尔乌苏湖西北侧（48°11'35"N，92°06'27"E）（来源Google Earth）
Fig. 4. Geomorphic characteristics of the deltas in numerical simulation at the later stage and satelite maps of similar deltas
图 5 R0~R5模拟到第20年时分流河道分布特征
Fig. 5. Distributary channel distribution characteristics in R0-R5 deltas to the 20th year
图 6 R0~R5模拟三角洲规模差异特征
a.三角洲长度随时间变化特征；b.三角洲宽度随时间变化特征；b.三角洲面积随时间变化特征；d.流量季节指数与三角洲长度关系；e.流量季节指数与三角洲宽度关系；f.流量季节指数与三角洲面积关系
Fig. 6. Scale variability of the R0-R5 deltas
图 7 不同流量季节指数下三角洲糙度特征
a.R0~R5模拟三角洲糙度随模拟时长变化特征；b.第20年时流量季节指数与三角洲糙度关系
Fig. 7. Delta roughness characteristics under different discharge seasonal indices
图 8 不同流量季节指数分流河道数量差异
a.第10年时分流河道数量顺源变化特征；b.第10年时平均分流河道数量与流量季节指数关系；c.R0~R5模拟分流河道数量随模拟时长变化特征
Fig. 8. Differences in distributary channel numbers under various discharge seasonal indices
图 9 阿姆河卫星照片(来源：Google Earth) (a)、萨雷卡梅什湖卫星照片(来源：Google Earth) (b)和阿姆河1964—1973年流量变化特征(数据来源：Center for Sustainability and the Slobal Environment) (c)
Fig. 9. Satelite map of Amudaryo River (Soure: Google Earth) (a), and satelite map of Sarygamysh Lake (soure: Google Earth) (b), and discharge variations of the Amudarya River from 1964 to 1973 (data source: Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment) (c)
图 10 萨雷卡梅什湖浅水三角洲历史卫星照片及沉积相分布
a~f.萨雷卡梅什湖浅水三角洲1996年12月、2001年12月、2006年12月、2011年12月、2016年12月、2021年12月卫星照片（照片来源：Google Earth）；g~l.萨雷卡梅什湖浅水三角洲1996年12月、2001年12月、2006年12月、2011年12月、2016年12月、2021年12月沉积相分布
Fig. 10. Historical satellite maps and sedimentary facies distribution of the Sarygamysh Lake shallow-water delta
表 1 沉积数值模拟模型主要参数设置
Table 1. Key parameters for the sedimentary numerical simulation model
基础参数 数值 网格大小 40×40 网格数量 250×200 湖盆坡降(m/km) 6/8 模拟时间步长(min) 0.5 模拟时长(year) 3 平均总流量(m3/s) 600 初始水位(m) 0 沉积物浓度(kg/m3) 0.1 砂泥比 4:6 底床糙度—谢才系数(m0.5/s) 45 水平涡流系数/扩散系数 0.001/0.001 顺源/垂源河床梯度变化 10/30 地貌演化系数 100 临近干网格侵蚀因子 0.25 沉积物组分粒度中值(μm) 300/150/80/32/13/7.2 初始沉积物厚度(m) 10 泥岩黏度(N/m2) 0.5 
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表 2 各轮沉积数值实验中流量参数设置(R0~R5)
Table 2. Discharge parameter settings for each simulation round (R0-R5)
方案 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 R0 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 600.00 R1 286.36 251.26 279.34 708.80 878.26 939.14 1 004.18 870.10 811.94 496.07 367.29 307.27 R2 201.89 177.14 196.94 499.71 1 023.16 1 419.56 1 530.05 753.81 572.43 349.74 258.95 216.63 R3 155.90 136.80 152.08 385.90 1 104.19 1 564.18 1 727.49 894.08 442.05 270.08 199.97 167.29 R4 126.98 111.41 123.86 314.29 1 153.39 1 720.49 1 851.72 918.75 360.03 219.97 162.86 136.25 R5 107.10 93.98 104.48 265.11 1 197.92 1 831.65 1 958.42 899.81 303.69 185.54 137.38 114.93
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