2025年1月7日西藏定日<i>M</i><sub>S</sub>6.8地震触发滑坡与砂土液化特征初步研究

徐岳仁; 付国超; 梁泽毓; 胡贵明; 周晓成; 石峰; 姚远

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2025.043

2025年1月7日西藏定日M_S6.8地震触发滑坡与砂土液化特征初步研究

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2025.043

徐岳仁^{1, 2, ,},
付国超^{1, 2},
梁泽毓^{1, 2},
胡贵明^{1, 2},
周晓成^{1, 2},
石峰³,
姚远⁴

1.
地震预测与风险评估应急管理部重点实验室(中国地震局地震预测研究所), 北京 100036
2.
中国地震局地震预测重点实验室(中国地震局地震预测研究所), 北京 100036
3.
地震动力学与强震预测全国重点实验室(中国地震局地质研究所), 北京 100029
4.
中国地震局乌鲁木齐中亚地震研究所(新疆维吾尔自治区地震局), 乌鲁木齐 830000

基金项目:

中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务专项重点项目 CEAIEF20240302

中国地震局地震预测研究所基本科研业务专项重点项目 CEAIEF20250101

国家自然科学基金项目 42072248

国家自然科学基金项目 42202212

详细信息

作者简介:
徐岳仁（1981-），研究员，主要从事活动构造、古地震与强震次生灾害制图研究.E-mail：xuyr@ief.ac.cn

通讯作者:
徐岳仁, E-mail: xuyr@ief.ac.cn

中图分类号: P315
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-02-23
- 刊出日期: 2025-05-25

Preliminary Study on the Characteristics of Landslides and Soil Liquefaction Triggered by the Dingri M_S6.8 Earthquake on January 7, 2025, Southern Tibetan Plateau

Xu Yueren^{1, 2
, ,},
Fu Guochao^{1, 2},
Liang Zeyu^{1, 2},
Hu Guiming^{1, 2},
Zhou Xiaocheng^{1, 2},
Shi Feng³,
Yao Yuan⁴

1.
Key Laboratory of Earthquake Forecasting and Risk Assessment of Ministry of Emergency Management, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China
2.
Key Laboratory of Earthquake Prediction of China Earthquake Administration, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China
3.
State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics and Forecasting, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China
4.
Urumqi Institute of Central Asia Earthquake, China Earthquake Administration, Earthquake Agency of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830000, China

摘要

摘要:
现今强震触发次生灾害空间展布的快速遥感制图，对强震致灾机理完整认识有重要意义，青藏高原具有高海拔、人口稀少、野外调查困难等特点，因此，利用震后高分辨率卫星影像开展地震触发滑坡及砂土液化的分布规律研究，具有特别重要的研究意义.为了系统获取2025年1月7日定日M_S6.8地震触发的次生灾害的空间展布特征，利用国产卫星的应急成像影像数据，通过震前、震后影像对比的人工目视解译方法，结合野外实地调查，获得如下认识：（1）定日地震触发的同震滑坡2 869处，具有南北两个集中分布区，60%集中海拔为5 000~6 000 m的区域，且以坡面碎屑及局部崩塌为主，土方量较小，远离居民点；（2）定日地震触发的砂土液化点~40万处，集中分布在海拔为4 100~4 300 m的朋曲河的河漫滩及低阶地上，德么错盆地、郭加盆地、定结盆地均有密集分布，部分位于5 200 m的第四纪冰碛物中.此次定日地震触发的同震滑坡以位于高海拔区域（~5 000 m）的有限的坡面碎屑流为主，可能对应高海拔区域的基岩表层风化层的陡坡度部位的震中地形放大效应，而砂土液化空间分布覆盖定结‒申扎裂谷南段的3个盆地，表明裂谷系的次级断裂的破裂事件可以导致邻近多个盆地内的严重同震液化现象，与各自盆地断裂是否发生破裂无关.
- 青藏高原 /
- 定日M_S6.8地震 /
- 砂土液化 /
- 地震 /
- 滑坡 /
- 定结‒申扎裂谷 /
- 藏南裂谷系
Abstract:
The rapid mapping of secondary effects triggered by strong earthquakes is crucial for understanding the disaster-causing mechanisms of mainshock events. The Tibetan Plateau, characterized by its higher altitude, sparse population, and challenging field conditions, presents significant difficulties for on-site investigations. Consequently, it is significant to analyze the distribution of earthquake-induced landslides and soil liquefaction utilizing post-earthquake emergency satellite imagery. We aim to systematically identify the spatial distribution characteristics of secondary hazards triggered by the M_S6.8 Dingri earthquake on January 7, 2025. We utilized emergency imaging data from high-resolution Chinese satellite images. We employed manual visual interpretation through a comparative analysis of pre- and post-earthquake imagery supplemented by field investigations. The following results are obtained: (1) The mainshock triggered 2 869 coseismic landslides, with two major concentration zones in the north and south. Approximately 60% of these landslides occurred in high-altitude regions between 5 000-6 000 m, predominantly manifesting as slope debris flows and collapses with limited effect for far away the residents. (2) The mainshock also induced about 400, 000 soil liquefaction pits, primarily concentrated in the floodplains and low terraces of the Pengqu River at elevations of 4 100-4 300 m. These liquefaction sites are distributed across the Democuo Basin, Guojia Basin, and Dingjie Basin, with some occurrences in Quaternary tills at elevations reaching 5 200 m. The distribution pattern of coseismic landslides, primarily as slope debris flows in higher-altitude (about 5 000 m) areas, suggests a possible correlation with the topographic amplification effect. Meanwhile, the spatial extent of soil liquefaction, spanning three basins in the southern section of the Dingjie-Shenzha Rift system, indicates that single secondary-fault rupture event within a single basin can significantly impact other adjacent secondary-faulted basins, leading to severe secondary disasters, even the controlled faults without coseismal faulting.
- Tibetan Plateau /
- Dingri M_S6.8 earthquake /
- soil liquefaction /
- earthquakes /
- landslides /
- Dingjie‒Shenzha Rift /
- southern Tibetan rift systems

HTML全文

图 1 藏南裂谷系区域构造

藏南裂谷系名称（自东向西）：①错那‒桑日裂谷系（COR）；②亚东‒谷露裂谷系（YGR）；③定结‒申扎裂谷系（DXR）；④岗嘎‒当惹雍措裂谷系（GTR）；⑤聂拉木‒措勤裂谷系（NCR）；⑥仲巴‒塔若错裂谷系（ZTR）；⑦江曲藏布‒改泽裂谷系（JGR）；⑧普兰‒文布当桑裂谷系（BWR）；断裂名称：MFT.主前锋逆冲断裂带；NGT.娜迦逆冲带；SGF.实皆断裂带；JLF.嘉黎断裂带；KKF.喀拉‒昆仑断裂带；GDF.改则‒洞错断裂带；LBF.龙木错‒独立石湖断裂；DNF.多玛‒尼玛断裂带；GCF.格仁错断裂带；BCF.崩错断裂带；EKF.东昆仑断裂带；GZ-YSF.甘孜‒玉树断裂带

Fig. 1. Tectonic map of the southern Tibetan rift systems

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图 2 2025年定日地震的主震与余震及周边活动断裂分布

YGR.亚东‒谷露裂谷系；DSR.定结‒申扎裂谷系；GTR.岗嘎‒当惹雍措裂谷系；NCR.聂拉木‒措勤裂谷系；MFT.主前锋逆冲断裂带；IYS.雅鲁藏布江缝合带；DJF.定结断裂；GJF.郭加断裂；DMCF.德么错断裂

Fig. 2. The main shock and aftershocks of the 2025 Dingri earthquake and the distribution map of surrounding active faults

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图 3 定日地震震中区及周边的震前（黑色多边形）、震后（红色多边形）卫星影像覆盖分布

震前影像获取时间为震前1个月内，可以准确代表震前震中区的地表地貌特征；震后影像获取时间为地震当天至5 d内，覆盖的范围包含了Ⅶ度区的绝大部分区域，Ⅶ度区北侧拉孜县附近的区域未覆盖

Fig. 3. Satellite image coverage distribution map of the epicenter of the Dingri earthquake and its surrounding areas before the earthquake (black polygons) and after the mainshock (red polygons)

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图 4 地震当天3 h后获取的GF-1C卫星影像(a)显示拉昂村东北方向发育在冰碛物上的同震地表破裂及触发的5 200 m以上的同震滑坡（b）(位置见图 3)

同震地表破裂沿德么错断裂已有迹线展布（a），同震地表变形带局部宽度可达300 m；第四纪冰碛物上发育有砂土液化和震动变形带；同震滑坡主要沿着朋曲河与雅鲁藏布江的分水岭一带发育，解译的同震滑坡（粉红色多边形）以沿坡面的崩塌或坡面碎屑流为主（b），坡脚堆积规模有限表明滑坡的实际体积远小于预期

Fig. 4. The fresh GF-1C image (a) acquired 3 h after the mainshock showing the coseismic surface rupture developed on the moraine and the coseismic landslides (b) with an altitude of about 5 200 m at northeast of La'ang Village (see the location in Fig. 3)

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图 5 定日地震震中措果乡附近的朋曲河河谷震前（a）、震后（b‒d）卫星影像上同震密集砂土液化导致的河漫滩及低阶地上的纹理显著差异，茶布南（e）、朋曲河与叶如茶布河交汇处（f）及定结县东北侧的叶如藏布河谷（g）的密集砂土液化(位置见图 11)

Fig. 5. Satellite images of the Pengqu River valley near the epicenter, Cuoguo Township, before (a) and after (b‒d) the earthquake show significant differences in texture on the river floodplain and low terraces caused by densely coseismic soil liquefaction. Dense soil liquefaction at site of southern of Chabu Village (e), the site of confluence of the Pengqu River and the Yeruchabu River (f) and valley of Yeruzangbo River Valley, northeast of Dingjie County (g) (see the location in Fig. 11)

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图 6 拉昂村北哑哩错附近位于同震地表破裂带西侧（断裂上盘）的砂土液化点（海拔超过5 200 m）（位置见图 4a）

Fig. 6. The soil liquefaction pits on the west side (located at the hanging wall) of the coseismic surface rupture near Yalicuo Lake, north of La'ang Village (about 5 200 m above sea level) (see the location in Fig. 4a)

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图 7 震中附近朋曲河谷的砂土液化野外调查照片(位置见图 5)

Fig. 7. Photos of field investigation on soil liquefaction pits in the Pengqu River Valley near the epicenter (see the locations in Fig. 5)

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图 8 定日地震触发的同震滑坡解译分布

广义的同震滑坡的总体数量较少，多表现为沿着坡面的崩塌或者坡面上的风化岩石碎屑发生部分崩落，一般规模较小（b~d，g）通过局部区域震前（e）震后（f）的影像对比来看，同震滑坡的土方量较小，均在原来的高海拔坡面碎屑发生的部位强烈震动情况下部分碎屑物发生崩落所致，发生滑坡的为主多集中在第四纪冰川发生的位置（e，h，i）

Fig. 8. Extracted distribution map of coseismic landslides triggered by the Dingri earthquake

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图 9 定日地震触发滑坡点核密度分布

Fig. 9. Kernel density distribution map of coseismic landslide triggered by the Dingri earthquake

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图 10 定日地震触发滑坡面积区间（b）及与烈度分布（a，c，d）统计

Fig. 10. Statistical diagram of landslide area range (b) and seismically intensity distribution (a, c, d) triggered by the main shock

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图 11 定日地震触发的砂土液化解译点分布

定日地震解译液化点分布有3个主要特征：（1）液化主要沿着朋曲河河谷及低阶地上密集分布，自郭加以上至措昂包含震中附近的朋曲河段，在定结县城所在的叶如藏布的宽缓河面上也分布有大量的液化点，距离震中已超过40 km，主体位于Ⅵ度区内；（2）宏观震中长所至德莫么湖沿线发育有数量较多的液化点；（3）部分液化点位于古荣至茶布的同震地表破裂迹线沿线的第四纪冰川沉积物上，海拔超过5 200 m

Fig. 11. Distribution map of coseismic soil liquefaction triggered by the main shock

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图 12 解译砂土液化核密度分布（a）及USGS估计的液化概率分布（b）

Fig. 12. Interpretation of the soil liquefaction kernel density distribution map (a) and the liquefaction probability distribution map estimated by USGS (b)

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图 13 定日地震触发砂土液化与不同烈度之间的统计关系分布

Fig. 13. Distribution of the statistical relationship between soil liquefaction triggered by the Dingri earthquake and different seismically intensities

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图 14 定日地震触发的同震滑坡(a)与砂土液化(b)数量与高程区间的统计

Fig. 14. Statistical relationship between the number and elevation range of coseismic landslides (a) and soil liquefaction (b) triggered by the Dingri earthquake

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