Development Characteristics and Exploration Implications of Low-Order Fault Systems in Tarim Basin: An Example from Shunbei Oil and Gas Field
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摘要: 塔里木盆地深层海相碳酸盐岩物性致密，在应力集中下容易形成脆性变形，表现为多序级高陡走滑断裂体系发育.其中，低序级断裂（主干二级以下）“规模小、活动弱、方向杂”，其分布及成因是构造领域近期研究的热点和难点问题.基于顺北地区连片三维地震资料，开展了低序级断裂地球物理识别方法攻关和分布预测，综合地震资料、钻井、测井资料的系统分析和野外多轮次踏勘，揭示了顺北地区低序级断裂的展布规律、成因模式、成储成藏特征等，初步提出勘探评价与部署思路建议：（1）探索形成了一套“先增强预处理、后分区优选属性”的低序级断裂识别技术序列，将低序级断裂带识别长度精度提高至1 km；（2）落实顺北中东部NE向、NEE向、NW向、近NS向和近EW向等5组走向低序级断裂，并划分为近平行体系、锐夹角体系和近垂直体系等3种成因类型；（3）明确低序级断裂内部通常不发育完整的核带结构，由多组系裂缝带组成，缺少大套角砾破碎带以及角砾空腔，较主干断裂规模小、连通性弱，易形成超压油气藏系统.本文指出寻找规模储集体目标对于低序级断控领域部署至关重要，需考虑地质工程一体化，优选低序级断裂高密度区的“串珠”并进行一井多靶井型设计.Abstract: The deep-margin carbonate rocks in the Tarim basin exhibit dense physical properties and are prone to brittle deformation under stress concentration, resulting in the development of multi-order strike-slip fault systems. However, due to the characteristics of low-order faults being 'small in scale, weak in activity, and diverse in direction', their distribution and genesis have been argumentative in current structural research. Based on the high-quality 3D seismic data of the Shunbei area, it built the geophysical identification methods and distribution prediction of low-order faults. Through the systematic analysis of seismic, drilling, logging and field survey data, the distribution patterns, genesis models, and characteristics of reservoir formation of low-order faults in the Shunbei area were revealed. Preliminary suggestions for exploration evaluation and deployment strategies were proposed.(1) A technical sequence for identifying low-order faults was developed, which involves 'enhanced geophysical preprocessing first, followed by optimal attribute selection of sub-regions'. This results in improving the identification accuracy of low-order faults to 1 km in length. (2) Five sets of NE, NEE, NW, near NS, and near EW trending low-order faults in the northeastern central Shunbei area were recognised, and classified into three genetic types: nearly parallel system, acute angle system, and near vertical system. (3) Low-order faults typically do not develop a complete fault core-damage zone architecture, but consist of multiple sets of fracture zones, lacking large angular gravel breccia zones and angular gravel cavities. It is smaller in scale and weaker with connectivity compared to main strike-slip faults, making them preferred for forming overpressured oil and gas reservoir systems. Identifying target reservoirs with a certain scale is crucial for the decision of the low-order faults exploration, requiring consideration of geology-engineering integration, preferentially selecting beads-shaped reflections in high-density areas of low-order faults and designing Multi-Target Well.
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Key words:
- low-order fault /
- strike-slip fault /
- carbonate rock /
- Shunbei oil and gas field /
- Tarim basin /
- petroleum geology
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图 1 塔里木盆地顺北地区及邻区构造单元及中奥陶统碳酸盐顶面走滑断裂体系分布
Fig. 1. The tectonic units and distribution of major faults in the Lower Paleozoic in the Shunbei area and the surroundings
图 2 顺北地区构造地层格架(修改自Qiu et al., 2022)及主干走滑断裂典型构造样式
Fig. 2. Stratigraphic column of the Shunbei area with well-seismic tie (modified from Qiu et al., 2022) and structural styles of major strike-slip faults
图 4 顺北地区中奥陶统碳酸盐岩顶面原始相干属性(a)与分区优选属性(b)对比
Fig. 4. Comparison between the original coherent attribute (a) and the zonal preferred attributes (b) of top surface of Middle Ordovician carbonate rocks in the Shunbei area
图 5 低序级断裂识别校验及精度确定
图a、b、c分别为选取的低序级断裂识别实例的平面展布、垂向剖面和长度推算；图d为挤压性质断层长度与最大垂向位移关系，引自文献Kim and Sanderson（2005）
Fig. 5. Low-order fault identification verification and accuracy determination
图 6 顺北地区中奥陶统碳酸盐岩多序级断裂展布及低序级断裂走向玫瑰花图
Fig. 6. Distribution of multi-order fault and trend roses of low-order faults in the Middle Ordovician carbonate rocks of Shunbei area
图 8 顺北地区低序级断裂与高序级断裂夹角统计(a)、成因模式(b)及柯坪地区野外和地震证据(c)
Fig. 8. Statistics of the angle between low-order faults and high-order faults (a), genetic model (b) and evidences from fields and seismics
图 9 顺北多序级断控储层规模差异(a)及演化过程(b)
Fig. 9. Differences among the size of reservoirs controlled by multi-order faults (a) and their evolution process (b)
图 10 “串珠”分类(a)和一井多靶目标剖面(b，目标位置见图10d)
Fig. 10. "String beads " classification (a) and multi-target profile of one well (b, see Fig. 10d for location)
图 11 低序级断裂密度(a)及其与鹰下段串珠、鹰上-鹰下贯通型串珠叠合(b、c)和一井多靶目标设计(d)
Fig. 11. Low-order fracture density (a) and its superposition with the beads of the lower Yingshan strata, the upper and lower eagle through beads (b, c) and the design of multi-target in one well (d)
表 1 已钻揭多序级断裂内部储集体规模统计
Table 1. Statistics of the internal reservoir size of the drilled multi-order faults
表 2 低序级断裂与主干断裂带钻井油气藏特征对比
Table 2. Comparison of the characteristics of drilled oil and gas reservoirs between the low-order faults and the major faults
断裂级别 钻井 生产层位 气油比(m3/m3) 压力系数 测试日产油(m3) 测试日产气(104m3) 单位压降产能(t/MPa) 低序级断裂 顺北21X O2yj-O1-2y 1 3350 2.01 1.94 2.59 292 顺深1X O1-2y 1 3807 2.03 46.31 63.94 2 230 富东1 O2yj-O1-2y 1 8925 2.1 21.4 40.5 - 顺托1 O2yj-O1-2y 9349 1.6 2.15 2.01 - 顺南7 O1-2y-O1p 气藏 1.48 - 12.29 - 顺南5 O1-2y-O1p 气藏 1.65 - - 主干断裂 顺北44X O1-2y 547 1.17 1 036.8 56.76 18 332 顺北42X O2yj-O1-2y 2 550 1.17 322.32 82.18 4 444.65 注：表中部分数据王清华等(2023)；钻井位置见图 1、图 6. 
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