Formation Mode of Geothermal Resources in Fujian Province Ⅱ: Circulation Conceptual Model and Driving Force of Hydrothermal System
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摘要: 福建省地处华南陆缘高热流地热异常区，地热流体循环演化与成藏机制研究对区域地热资源科学利用具有重要意义.在系统梳理区域地热地质条件基础上，本文通过对地热流体的水化学和同位素分析，探讨了省域内不同类型地热系统的流体循环演化机制与地热驱动力差异，建立了分区地热成藏概念模型.结果表明，福建省水热型地热成因可分为闽西北隆起山地断裂深循环对流型、闽西南断陷盆地对流传导复合型、闽东‒闽西南断坳带断裂深循环对流型三种类型.区内地热资源成藏受控于区域构造与地壳热结构差异，政和‒大浦断裂以西武夷隆起带与闽东滨海陆缘带具有不同的热源机制，但水热通道形式相对统一.闽西武夷隆起带地热系统热源以幔源热为主，闽东火山坳陷带为“热壳冷幔”岩石圈热结构，壳内岩体放射性衰变生热对地热系统聚热贡献较高.区域张性‒张扭性NW向断裂构成地热系统的导水通道，压性为主的NE向断裂则构成热聚敛的阻水‒导热通道.由水热系统流体温度和盐度变化导致的闽西北、闽西南和闽东火山断坳带与滨海地区地热驱动力的标准水头分别为+218.75 m、+202.24~+250.60 m、+261.72 m和+308.32 m.闽西永梅坳陷带、闽东NW与NE向深大断裂交汇处、断陷盆地‒断陷海湾深入大陆段、福州与漳州等断陷盆地基底隆起带、永泰‒德化‒仙游等环状火山构造带与NE向深大断裂交汇处地热热储温度超过150 ℃，为福建省域内中高温地热资源成藏潜力区.Abstract: Fujian Province is one of the most important geothermal anomaly areas in the southern margin of China. It is of great significance for the scientific utilization of geothermal resources to reveal the formation mechanisms of geothermal system in the area. The circulation and evolutionary characteristics of geothermal fluid were clarified, and the conceptual formation mode and driving force of hydrothermal system were established in each hydrogeochemical zone based on the implications of hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics of geothermal water samples, GIS spatial analysis, and the overview of regional geothermal geological and crustal thermal structure conditions. The results show that the geothermal system in Fujian Province can be divided into deep circulation convection type of uplifted mountain faults in northwestern region, complex convection conduction hydrothermal type of fault basin in southeastern region, and deep circulation convection type of fault depression zone in eastern and southeastern region. The endowment of geothermal resources in Fujian is controlled by regional tectonics and crustal thermal structure that the geothermal systems of Wuyi uplift zone in western Zhenghe-Dapu fault and the coastal margin zone in eastern Fujian obtained different crust and mantle heat source compositions, but relatively uniform hydrothermal transmission channels. The heat accumulation of the geothermal system in the Wuyi uplift zone is mainly derived by mantle conduction, while the lithospheric thermal structure of eastern volcanic depression zone is the "hot crust-cold mantle" type in which radioactive element decay of intrusive-volcanic rock mass contributed a relatively high amount of crustal heat accumulation. The regional tensile torsional NW faults turned out to be the water conducting channels of geothermal systems, while compression-dominated NE-trending faults were the water-blocking and heat-conducting channels for heat accumulation. The standard head of total geothermal driving force generated by temperature rise and salinity increase in hydrothermal system of northwestern, southwestern, eastern volcanic depression zone and coastal margin region was +218.75 m, +202.24~+250.60 m, +261.72 m and +308.32 m respectively. The Yongmei depression zone in western Fujian, and intersection zones of regional NW and NE deep faults, namely the hydraulic fracture of the faulted basin and the sunken bay extend deep into the mainland, the basement uplift zone of fault basins such as Fuzhou and Zhangzhou basins, intersection zones of regional NE deep faults and ring-shaped volcanic apparatus in eastern Fujian were the optimal target areas for exploitation of medium-high temperature geothermal resources in bulk.
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Key words:
- geothermal water /
- groundwater circulation /
- geothermal driving force /
- formation mode /
- Fujian Province /
- hydrochemistry /
- isotopes
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图 1 福建省地质建造与地热温泉样品分布（a）、中生代火山岩时空分布（b）、岩浆活动‒火山活动与地热水文地球化学分区（c）、区域大地构造框架（d）与太平洋俯冲消减带上部岩浆岩与火山岩断坳带热储体成因模式（e）
图b据Xu et al.（2021，2024）、余明刚等（2021）；图d据Faure et al.（2017）；图e据Zhou and Li（2000）
Fig. 1. Regional geological formation and sampling sites of geothermal water (a), spatiotemporal distribution of Mesozoic volcanics (b), magma-volcanic activity sequence and hydrogeochemical zoning(c), regional geological section (d) and schematic diagram of the genetic of felsic magma and deep thermal reservoirs in the subduction zone of the Pacific plate (e) in Fujian Province
图 2 福建省典型地热钻孔地温曲线（a、b），大地热流（c）、居里等温面（d）、主要侵入岩体放射性生热率（e）与莫霍面埋深（f）分布
典型钻孔测温曲线参考中国科学院地球物理研究所（1992）、赵亮亮（2011）、李成龙（2019）、蔺文静等(2020, 2024)、李全力（2021）、甘秋玲（2023）、甘浩男（2023）等；大地热流、莫霍面和居里面埋深参考祖辅平（2012）、滕吉文等（2017）、黄昌旗等（2018）、姜光政等（2016）；放射性生热率参考赵平（1995）、林乐夫等（2017）、李科甫和朱传庆（2023）
Fig. 2. The temperature distribution curve of typical geothermal borehole (a, b), terrestrial heat flow (c), and burial depth for Curie isotherm surface (d), radioactive heat generation rate of main invading rock mass(e) and depth of Moho surface (f) in Fujian Province
图 3 福建省及相邻地区不同类型水样δ18O-δD相关关系
数据来源：漳州盆地据庞忠和（1987）、庞忠和等（1990）；武功山据Jia et al.（2024）；台湾岛据谢越宁等（1986）、赵永红等（2017）.水岩作用水文过程氢氧同位素指示据Pang et al.（2017）：①全球大气降水线GMWL（the global meteoric water line，δD=8×δ18O+10‰）；②水汽再循环；③与H2S同位素交换；④与CO2同位素交换；⑤地热水系统水岩作用；⑥与安山岩‒英安岩内生水混合作用；⑦蒸发过程；⑧与海水混合；⑨与硅酸盐（水合硅酸盐）矿物交换；⑩水分凝结过程；⑪古大气降水；⑫与烃类同位素交换；⑬与黏土矿物同位素交换
Fig. 3. Relationships between δ18O and δD of different water samples in Fujian Province and adjacent areas
图 4 福建省地热温泉δ18O和δD值空间分布
Fig. 4. Spatial distribution of δ18O and δD values of geothermal water samples in Fujian Province
图 5 福建省地热温泉流体Na-K-Mg三线图和二氧化硅温标热储温度估算结果
Fig. 5. The Na-K-Mg triangular diagram of geothermal water and the temperature of geothermal reservoir estimated by different SiO2 geothermometer in Fujian Province
图 6 福建省地热温泉热储温度（石英温标）与循环深度空间分布
Fig. 6. Spatial distribution of geothermal reservoir temperature (Quartz thermometer), and circulation depth of geothermal water in Fujian Province
图 7 福建省地热温泉硅焓模型估算的地热流体冷水混入比例及混入前温度
Fig. 7. The proportion of shallow cold groundwater mixing with deep parent geothermal fluid, and the temperature of deep parent geothermal fluid estimated by silicon-enthalpy model in Fujian Province
图 8 福建省地热温泉流体水化学Cl-与Br-、γ[(Na++K+)/Cl-]与γ(SO42-/Cl-)、Cl-与δD、Cl-与HBO2、γ(Cl-/B)与δD相关关系
Fig. 8. Relationships between Cl- vs Br-, γ[(Na++K+)/Cl-] vs γ(SO42-/Cl-)、Cl- vs δD, Cl- vs HBO2 and γ(Cl-/B) vs δD of geothermal fluid in Fujian Province
图 9 福建省域地热成藏模式概念立体图
图据熊绍柏等（2002）、Chen and Grapes（2007）、王晶等（2011）、祖辅平（2012）、汪啸（2018）、Dong et al.（2020）、Zhou et al.（2020b）、蔺文静等（2024）等
Fig. 9. Genetic mechanism model of geothermal resources in Fujian Province
图 10 福建省地热水温度和盐度变化引起的压力水头变化与管道模型确定的地热水循环深度
图d和图e中（Ts-T0）/（Tr-T0）为管道模型无量纲温度参数，其中T0为流体补给初始温度，Ts为流体出露温度，Tr为流体热储温度；M′为地下热水上涌流速
Fig. 10. Pressure head change resulted from the changes of temperature and salinity of geothermal water and the groundwater circulation depth determined by pipeline model in Fujian Province
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