Lithofacies Types and Distribution of High-Quality Shale Driven by Sedimentary Environments: A Case Study of the Qiongzhusi Formation Shale
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摘要: 四川盆地筇竹寺组页岩的沉积受德阳-安岳裂陷槽构造-沉积分异控制，其岩相类型及分布与沉积环境密切相关.在前人对筇竹寺组研究的基础上，综合运用岩心观察、薄片鉴定和地球化学测试分析对裂陷槽中段筇竹寺组页岩进行岩相类型划分，并讨论了沉积环境控制下的优质页岩岩相类型及分布.结果表明：（1）裂陷槽内沉积环境具显著分异特征，槽内中心以生物成因高硅质沉积为主导，形成强还原环境双阈值边界，古生产力与水体滞留程度达峰值；槽缘则以陆源碎屑输入为主.平面上呈现“槽缘氧化-槽内缺氧”的递变模式，纵向上表现为“底部缺氧-中部贫氧-上部氧化”的沉积环境变化；（2）建立了“TOC-矿物组成-粒度特征”耦合岩相分类体系，划分出36种岩相类型，明确裂陷槽中段发育富有机质长英质页岩（H-F-S）、富有机质混合质粉砂质页岩（H-M-SS）等16种岩相类型，系统揭示了页岩非均质性特征，为深层页岩气甜点预测提供新思路；（3）优质岩相主要为富有机质长英质页岩（H-F-S）、富有机质混合质页岩（H-M-S）、富有机质长英质粉砂质页岩（H-F-SS）、富有机质黏土质粉砂质页岩（H-A-SS）和富有机质混合质粉砂质页岩（H-M-SS），集中分布于筇竹寺组1、3、5、7小层深水陆棚相，深水贫氧-缺氧环境促进有机质富集与保存，高含量长英质矿物提供了优质储集空间.研究成果可为四川盆地深层页岩气资源评价与开发提供关键地质依据.Abstract: The sedimentation of the Qiongzhusi Formation shale in the Sichuan Basin is controlled by the tectonic-sedimentary differentiation of the Deyang-Anyue Rift Trough. Its lithofacies types and distribution are closely related to sedimentary environments. Based on previous studies of the Qiongzhusi Formation, this research comprehensively uses core observation, thin-section identification, and geochemical testing and analysis to classify the lithofacies types of the Qiongzhusi Formation shale in the middle segment of the rift trough, and discusses the high quality shale lithofacies types and their distribution controlled by sedimentary environments. The results show that: (1) The sedimentary environment within the rift depression exhibits distinct differentiation characteristics. The central part of the depression is dominated by biogenic high-silica deposits, forming a strong reducing environment with a dual-threshold boundary, where ancient productivity and water retention reach their peak; the trough margin is dominated by terrigenous clastic input. Horizontally, it shows a gradational pattern of "oxidizing margin-anoxic trough, " while vertically, it exhibits a cyclic evolution of " anoxic at the bottom-dysoxic in the middle-oxidizing at the top." (2) "TOC-mineral-grain size" coupling lithofacies classification system is established, with 36 lithofacies types divided. It is clarified that 16 lithofacies types develop in the middle segment of the rift trough, such as organic-rich felsic shale (H-F-S) and organic-rich mixed silty shale (H-M-SS), systematically revealing the heterogeneity characteristics of shale and providing new ideas for predicting deep shale gas sweet spots. (3) The high-quality lithofacies are mainly organic-rich felsic shale (H-F-S), organic-rich mixed shale (H-M-S), organic-rich felsic silty shale (H-F-SS), organic-rich argillaceous silty shale (H-A-SS), and organic-rich mixed silty shale (H-M-SS), which are concentrated in the deep-water shelf facies of the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th sub-layers of the Qiongzhusi Formation. The deep-water dysoxic-anoxic environments promote organic matter enrichment and preservation, and high felsic mineral content provides high-quality reservoir spaces. The research results provide key geological bases for the evaluation and development of deep shale gas resources in the Sichuan Basin.
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图 1 四川盆地沉积相平面分布及连井剖面
沉积相底图修改自文献何骁等（2024a）、雍锐等（2024b）
Fig. 1. Plane distribution of sedimentary facies and connecting well section in Sichuan basin
图 2 筇竹寺组三端元矿物组分分布条形图
a. W207井；b. WY1井；c. Z201井
Fig. 2. Three end-member mineral composition distribution bar chart of Qiongzhusi Formation
图 3 筇竹寺组TOC含量分布柱状图
Fig. 3. Column diagram of TOC content distribution in Qiongzhusi Formation
图 4 筇竹寺组页岩典型岩性特征及薄片照片
a. W207井，3 051.03 m，筇一2亚段6小层，砂质页岩，25% < 砂质（62.5~2 500 μm） < 50%，TOC=0.3%；b. W207井，3 117.98 m，筇一2亚段5小层，页岩，泥质（8 μm） > 50%，TOC=3.31%；c. WY1井，4 291.59 m，筇一2亚段6小层，粉砂质页岩，25% < 粉砂质（8~62.5 μm） < 50%，TOC=1.24%；d. WY1井，4 321.37 m，筇一2亚段5小层，页岩，泥质（8 μm） > 50%，TOC=2.14%；e. Z201井，4 502.89 m，筇一2亚段6小层，粉砂质页岩，25% < 粉砂质（8~62.5 μm） < 50%，TOC=1.29%；f. Z201井，4 607.27 m，筇一2亚段5小层，页岩，泥质（8 μm） > 50%，TOC=1.89%
Fig. 4. Shale lithology characteristics and thin section photos of Qiongzhusi Formation
图 5 筇竹寺组页岩主微量元素PAAS标准化特征
a.主量元素；b.微量元素
Fig. 5. PAAS standardization characteristics of major and trace elements in shale of Qiongzhusi Formation
图 6 陆源碎屑富集程度与硅质成因规律及其与TOC的关系
a. 物源碎屑Fe/Al比值指标；b. SiO2含量与TOC关系；c. SiO2/TOC比值与TOC关系
Fig. 6. The characteristics of terrigenous debris enrichment degree and siliceous genesis and its correlation with TOC
图 7 筇竹寺组裂陷槽中段不同部位古氧化还原Mo-EF与U-EF指标特征
a~c. U-EF与TOC关系；d~f. Mo-EF与TOC关系；g~i. U-EF与Mo-EF关系
Fig. 7. Characteristics of paleo-redox Mo-EF and U-EF indicators in different parts of the middle part of the rift trough of the Qiongzhusi Formation
图 8 筇竹寺组裂陷槽不同部位水体滞留程度
图版修改自文献Algeo and Lyons（2006）、Tribovillard et al.（2012）
Fig. 8. The water retention degree in different parts of the rift trough of Qiongzhusi Formation
图 9 筇竹寺组裂陷槽中段不同部位古生产力水平
Fig. 9. The paleoproductivity levels in different parts of the middle part of the rift trough of Qiongzhusi Formation
图 10 筇竹寺组页岩岩相划分方案及划分结果(a)岩相划分方案；(b)岩相划分结果
Fig. 10. Qiongzhusi Formation shale lithofacies division scheme and division result (a) lithofacies division scheme; (b) Lithofacies division results
图 11 筇竹寺组W207岩相组合类型与各项沉积指标垂向关系
Fig. 11. The vertical relationship between the lithofacies combination type of W207 in Qiongzhusi Formation and various sedimentary indicators
图 12 筇竹寺组WY1岩相组合类型与各项沉积指标垂向关系
Fig. 12. The vertical relationship between the lithofacies combination type of WY1 in Qiongzhusi Formation and various sedimentary indicators
图 13 筇竹寺组Z201岩相组合类型与各项沉积指标垂向关系
Fig. 13. The vertical relationship between the lithofacies combination type of Z201 in Qiongzhusi Formation and various sedimentary indicators
图 14 裂陷槽中段筇竹寺组页岩沉积演化模式
Fig. 14. Sedimentary evolution model of Qiongzhusi Formation shale in the middle of rift trough
表 1 裂陷槽中段W207、WY1和Z201井主量元素（%）和微量元素（10‒6）分析结果
Table 1. Analysis results of major elements (%) and trace elements (10‒6) in wells W207, WY1 and Z201 in the middle part of rift trough
元素 W207井 WY1井 Z201井 筇二段 筇一2亚段 筇一1亚段 筇二段 筇一2亚段 筇一1亚段 筇二段 筇一2亚段 筇一1亚段 SiO2 53.88~62.95 (58.4) 53.26~58.98 (56.2) 53.81~64.89 (59.1) 46.31~67.72 (59.8) 42.73~69.48 (58.3) 47.52~66.51 (60.7) 43.28~62.85 (57.1) 56.07~64.94 (60.5) 52.56~67.68 (61.2) Al 6.67~8.20 (7.5) 5.50~7.92 (6.8) 6.71~7.57 (7.3) 5.21~7.53 (6.6) 4.03~7.96 (6.4) 5.42~7.54 (6.7) 4.61~8.13 (6.9) 4.03~7.76 (6.6) 2.07~8.11 (6.3) Fe 3.12~4.39 (3.8) 2.75~4.61 (3.9) 3.23~5.84 (4.1) 1.56~4.43 (3.2) 1.86~6.66 (3.7) 2.35~5.11 (3.6) 1.45~5.13 (3.7) 1.86~5.03 (3.6) 1.00~4.47 (3.1) P 0.09~0.14 (0.11) 0.088~0.279 (0.13) 0.076~0.103 (0.09) 0.07~0.20 (0.12) 0.078~0.279 (0.14) 0.079~0.134 (0.10) 0.06~0.13 (0.09) 0.086~0.186 (0.12) 0.034~0.138 (0.09) Mn 0.031~0.060 (0.04) 0.049~0.181 (0.09) 0.045~0.068 (0.06) 0.029~0.213 (0.06) 0.049~0.163 (0.08) 0.037~0.094 (0.06) 0.023~0.280 (0.07) 0.038~0.163 (0.08) 0.031~0.124 (0.07) Zn 74~237 (155) 54~502 (227) 55~180 (132) 20~299 (121) 25~610 (198) 31~3 370 (512) 27~881 (208) 54~1 680 (289) 31~6 240 (942) V 44~304 (198) 83~448 (211) 137~230 (168) 91~455 (215) 54~448 (198) 78~218 (148) 89~895 (312) 54~443 (193) 78~2 610 (567) Ba 859~1 945 (1 376) 865~1 565 (1 280) 1 190~
1 570 (1 402)743~1 627 (1 145) 519~1 505 (1 103) 911~4 220 (1 589) 689~2 418 (1 221) 519~3 140 (1 327) 1 190~
9 123 (2 345)Mo 2.48~15.90 (8.9) 2.89~32.00 (12.6) 3.5~37.4 (18.2) 1.16~35.50 (14.2) 2.44~85.30 (18.7) 1.34~54.40 (21.9) 1.34~60.10 (23.6) 2.44~55.30 (18.3) 1.34~88.20 (28.7) Ni 30.3~81.5 (56.2) 24.1~137.0 (67.8) 46.5~96.6 (67.3) 14.49~154.30 (68.7) 17.0~172.5 (70.2) 14.6~197.5 (91.3) 14.6~209.5 (87.6) 17.0~172.5 (72.8) 14.6~238.0 (95.2) Cu 21.3~69.6 (43.7) 15.8~90.8 (46.2) 29.2~54.7 (41.2) 10.89~59.40 (35.1) 10.3~66.1 (34.5) 12.5~464.0 (58.4) 10.3~59.4 (38.7) 10.3~66.1 (35.1) 12.5~475.0 (78.3) Cr 69~120 (95) 80~180 (123) 120~150 (133) 31.9~112.0 (72) 80~180 (130) 110~1 180 (286) 31.9~119.0 (76) 80~200 (135) 110~650 (245) Co 10.0~20.5 (15.8) 8.1~23.9 (16.2) 12.6~20.5 (15.0) 5.31~21.30 (13.5) 6.2~19.1 (14.3) 5.2~22.0 (13.8) 5.2~21.3 (14.2) 6.2~21.3 (14.5) 3.3~22.0 (12.6) Th 7.31~12.90 (10.5) 7.70~14.35 (11.1) 10.15~13.20 (11.8) 4.93~12.90 (9.9) 6.90~14.45 (10.9) 6.50~15.35 (10.6) 4.93~12.90 (10.1) 6.90~14.45 (10.8) 6.50~15.35 (10.5) U 4.54~23.80 (12.3) 2.43~24.70 (9.8) 4.4~21.8 (12.7) 2.37~30.00 (12.4) 2.43~33.10 (11.6) 2.0~60.6 (18.4) 2.37~30.00 (15.8) 2.43~33.10 (12.4) 2~54 (19.2) 注：表中数据53.88~62.95（58.4）为最小值~最大值（平均值）. 
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表 2 海相页岩筇竹寺组页岩岩相划分方案
Table 2. Marine shale Qiongzhusi Formation shale lithofacies division scheme
岩相 岩相亚类 长英质矿物(%) 碳酸盐矿物(%) 黏土矿物(%) 粒径(μm) 长英质页岩（F-S） 长英质页岩 > 50 < 25 < 25 < 8 (> 50%，泥级) 长英质粉砂质页岩 > 50 < 25 < 25 8~62.5 (25%~50%，粉砂级) 长英质砂质页岩 > 50 < 25 < 25 > 62.5 (25%~50%，砂级) 钙质页岩（C-S） 钙质页岩 < 25 > 50 < 25 < 8 (> 50%，泥级) 钙质粉砂质页岩 < 25 > 50 < 25 8~62.5 (25%~50%，粉砂级) 钙质砂质页岩 < 25 > 50 < 25 > 62.5 (25%~50%，砂级) 黏土质页岩（A-S） 黏土质页岩 < 25 < 25 > 50 < 8 (> 50%，泥级) 黏土质粉砂质页岩 < 25 < 25 > 50 8~62.5 (25%~50%，粉砂级) 黏土质砂质页岩 < 25 < 25 > 50 > 62.5 (25%~50%，砂级) 混合页岩（M-S） 混合页岩 25~50 25~50 25~50 < 8 (> 50%，泥级) 混合质粉砂质页岩 25~50 25~50 25~50 8~62.5(25%~50%，粉砂级) 混合质砂质页岩 25~50 25~50 25~50 > 62.5(25%~50%，砂级)
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