Transport Processes and Control Mechanisms of Terrigenous and Volcanic Materials to the Ocean
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摘要: 海洋沉积物的源‒汇过程是连接陆地风化、海洋动力系统和全球气候变化的关键纽带，对重建古环境演化具有重要意义.本文综述了陆源与火山物质向海洋的输送过程及其控制机制.陆源物质输运受岩性‒气候‒海平面‒洋流系统共同调控——源岩性质和气候条件通过控制风化作用决定沉积物的产量和理化性质，海平面变化主导沉积物的输送距离，洋流格局决定最终沉积分布.火山物质的输入则受火山活动强度、气候、水文及区域构造背景的多元控制.近年来，地球化学与矿物学示踪技术的发展提升了物源识别能力，但该领域仍面临从定性描述到定量解析的方法学挑战.未来研究需进一步发展多学科交叉方法，以深化对海洋沉积源‒汇系统演化规律的认识.Abstract: The source-to-sink process in marine sediments is a critical link connecting terrestrial weathering, oceanic dynamics, and global climate change, playing a vital role in reconstructing paleoenvironmental evolution. This paper reviews the transport processes of terrestrial and volcanic materials to the ocean and their control mechanisms. The transport of terrestrial materials is regulated by the lithology-climate-sea level-current system: the nature of the source rocks and climate conditions determine the output and physicochemical properties of the sediments by controlling weathering; sea level changes dominate the distance of sediment transport; and the current pattern determines the final distribution of the sediments. The input of volcanic materials is controlled by the intensity of volcanic activity, climate, hydrology and regional tectonic context. Recent advances in geochemical and mineralogical provenance techniques have significantly improved the identification capacity of sediment sources. However, this field still faces methodological challenges in transitioning from qualitative assessments to quantitative reconstructions. Future research should focus on developing integrated, multidisciplinary approaches to enhance our understanding of the evolution of marine sedimentary source-to-sink systems.
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Key words:
- source-to-sink system /
- fluvial deposits /
- aeolian deposits /
- glacial deposits /
- volcanic deposits /
- sedimentology /
- climate change
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图 1 河流物质输入示意（参考自Tofelde et al., 2021）
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of fluvial material inputs (referenced from Tofelde et al., 2021)
图 2 风尘及火山物质输入示意
图改自Langmann（2013）；图中灰色颗粒物质代表火山喷发的碎屑物质，指示火山物质源‒汇过程；淡黄色颗粒物质代表陆源碎屑物质，指示风尘物质源‒汇过程
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of dust and volcanic material input
图 3 冰川物质输入示意（参考自Kaparulina et al., 2016）
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of glacial material input (referenced from Kaparulina et al., 2016)
表 1 全球陆源沉积物向海洋输送通量的估算
Table 1. Estimates of global fluxes of terrestrial sediment transport to the ocean
搬运机制 全球通量（Gt/a） 河流输入 25 风尘输入 0.7 冰川输入 2 注：表中数值据 Syvitski et al. (2003) 以及其中所引用的参考文献.
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表 2 主要源区现代年平均风尘通量模拟结果对比
Table 2. Comparison of modern annual average eolian flux simulation results for major source regions
文献 非洲 亚洲 美洲 澳大利亚 全球 北部 南部 阿拉伯 中部 东部 北部 南部 Tanaka and Chiba, 2006 1 087
（58%）63
（3%）221
（12%）140
（7.5%）214
（11%）2
（0.1%）44
（2%）106
（6%）1 877 Werner et al., 2002 693
（65%）101
（9.5%）96
（9%）52
（5%）1 060 Luo et al., 2003 1 114
（67%）119
（7%）54
（3%）132
（8%）1 654 Zender et al., 2003 980
（66%）415
（28%）8
（0.5%）35
（2%）37
（2.5%）1 490 Ginoux et al., 2004 1 430
（69%）496
（24%）9
（0.4%）55
（3%）61
（3%）2 073 Miller et al., 2004 517
（51%）43
（4%）163
（16%）50
（5%）53
（5%）148
（15%）1 019 注：通量数值据 Maher et al.（2010） ，单位：Tg/a；括号内为全球占比.
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