Two-Phase SPH Simulation of Granular Landslide-Tsunamis Processes Considering Dynamic Seepage
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摘要:
滑坡-涌浪是一种典型的多灾种耦合系统，具有跨介质灾种转化的复杂效应.基于黎曼光滑粒子流体动力学（Riemann-SPH），构建了考虑动态渗流的两相SPH滑坡-涌浪分析模型并验证了其准确性：动态渗流作用的引入使得散粒体滑坡-涌浪过程中的动量交换机制更加完整，最大波浪幅值am和最大波浪高度Hm的误差分别降低24.72%和41.95%以上.研究发现，滑动面倾角α与滑坡前缘倾角β对涌浪具有协同调控作用：随着α增大，am和Hm均呈现先增后减的单峰变化趋势；β的影响则呈现出分段特征：当α+β < 90°时，am和Hm随角度和增大显著增长，超过该阈值后表现出非单调性变化，表明存在滑坡体积增加与有效作用面积缩减的竞争机制.此外，α的增大强化了渗流、紊流与摩擦等耗散效应，加剧涌浪能量衰减.相关成果可为滑坡-涌浪灾害防治提供科学支撑.
Abstract:The landslide-tsunami is a typical multi-hazard coupled system, characterized by complex effects resulting from the transmedia transformation of hazards. In this paper it proposes a two-phase Riemann-SPH model for landslide-tsunami simulation that incorporates dynamic seepage and is validated against laboratory experiments. The incorporation of dynamic seepage effects enhances the completeness of the momentum exchange mechanism in the granular landslide-tsunami process, reducing the errors in the maximum wave amplitude (am) and maximum wave height (Hm) by at least 24.72% and 41.95%, respectively. The results reveal a synergistic regulation of tsunami characteristics by the sliding surface inclination (α) and the landslide leading edge inclination (β): as α increases, the am and Hm exhibit a single-peaked, nonlinear increase-then-decrease trend. The influence of β shows a distinct piecewise pattern: when α+β < 90°, both am and Hm increase significantly with the angle. Beyond this threshold, non-monotonic variations appear, reflecting a competition between the increasing landslide volume and the decreasing effective impact area. Moreover, increasing α enhances seepage, turbulent and frictional dissipation effects, accelerating energy decay. These findings provide scientific support for the mitigation of landslide-tsunami hazards.
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图 4 不同监测点下数值模拟浪高与试验数据对比
图据Viroulet et al.（2013）. a.WG.1；b.WG.2；c.WG.3；d.WG.4
Fig. 4. Comparison of simulated wave heights with experimental data at monitoring points
图 5 滑坡-涌浪计算模型布置示意图
Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of the landslide-tsunami computational model setup
图 6 不同滑动面倾角α下WG.A涌浪波形
a.β=20°；b.β=30°；c.β=40°；d.β=50°；e.β=60°
Fig. 6. WG.A waves for varied sliding surface inclinations α
图 7 不同滑坡前缘倾角β下WG.A涌浪波形
a.α=35°；b.α=45°；c.α=50°；d.α=55°；e.α=65°
Fig. 7. WG.A waves for varied landslide leading edge inclinations β
图 8 滑坡-涌浪最大波浪幅值am衰减图
a.α=35°；b.α=45°；c.α=50°；d.α=55°；e.α=65°
Fig. 8. Attenuation of maximum wave amplitude am for landslide-tsunamis
图 9 滑坡-涌浪最大波浪高度Hm衰减图
a.α=35°；b.α=45°；c.α=50°；d.α=55°；e.α=65°
Fig. 9. Attenuation of maximum wave height Hm for landslide-tsunamis
图 10 不同滑坡体诱发涌浪流场对比
t=0.3 s，α=50°，β=50°
Fig. 10. Flow field for waves generated by different landslides
图 11 不同滑动面倾角α下滑坡-涌浪流场示意图(t=0.4 s，β=50°)
a.α=35°；b.α=45°；c.α=50°；d.α=55°；e.α=65°
Fig. 11. Flow field for varied sliding surface inclinations (t=0.4 s, β=50°)
图 12 不同滑坡前缘倾角β下滑坡-涌浪流场示意图(t=0.4 s，α=50°)
a.β=20°；b.β=30°；c.β=40°；d.β=50°；e.β=60°
Fig. 12. Flow field for varied landslide leading edge inclinations (t=0.4 s, α=50°)
表 1 模型试验参数(Viroulet et al., 2013)
Table 1. Parameters of the landslide-tsunami experiment (Viroulet et al., 2013)
材料 物理参数 数值 水体 密度 1 000 kg/m3 运动黏滞系数 1.0×10-6 m2/s 散粒体 密度 2 500 kg/m3 中值粒径 4 mm 杨氏模量 5.84 MPa 内摩擦角 23.3° 初始体积分数 0.6 
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表 2 数值模拟工况
Table 2. List of numerical simulation conditions
滑动面倾角(α) 滑坡前缘倾角(β) 35° 20°，30°，40°，50°，60° 45° 20°，30°，40°，50°，60° 50° 20°，30°，40°，50°，60° 55° 20°，30°，40°，50°，60° 65° 20°，30°，40°，50°，60°
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