Structure Composition and Formation Process of Cenozoic High-K Calc-Alkaline Volcanic Rocks in Tengchong Area
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摘要: 腾冲地区新生代以来，发育大量高钾钙碱性火山岩（玄武质粗面安山岩和粗面安山岩），但具体形成过程尚不明确.基于岩相学分析，对这些火山岩进行全岩主量、矿物主微量元素分析，并结合文献已发表数据，探讨其形成演化过程.岩石普遍具斑状结构，斑晶以橄榄石、辉石和斜长石为主，并发育聚斑晶.单斜辉石斑晶常见正环带、反环带及振荡环带，其中振荡环带指示岩浆演化过程中多批次基性岩浆补给混合和可能的局部混染作用.全岩主量元素分析显示它们属于高钾钙碱性系列岩石.单斜辉石、斜方辉石和斜长石斑晶及聚斑晶有相似的稀土元素和微量元素配分模式，但单斜辉石最富集微量元素，其次为斜长石，斜方辉石的含量最低.橄榄石斑晶化学指示岩浆源区可能来源于橄榄岩的部分熔融，而全岩微量元素及单斜辉石斑晶的成分特征记录岛弧环境信息.斑晶矿物平衡温压计算及地球物理学资料共同揭示研究区下方存在两个中酸性岩浆储库：浅部的英安质岩浆储库（深度为8.3~13.6 km）和深部的安山质岩浆储库（深度为18.4~30.2 km）.本文研究样品均源于深部储库，形成过程包括：基性岩浆补给引发晶粥-熔体的混合作用，当新生熔体在储库中占主导时，触发喷发，并携带半固结岩浆团至地表，形成典型的（聚）斑晶结构.Abstract: Since the Cenozoic, a large amount of high-potassium calc-alkaline volcanic rocks (basaltic trachyandesite and trachyandesite) have developed in the Tengchong area, but the specific formation process remains unclear. Based on petrographic analysis, in this paper it conducts whole-rock major element and mineral major and trace element analyses of these volcanic rocks, and discusses their formation and evolution process in combination with the published data. The rocks commonly exhibit porphyritic textures, with phenocrysts predominantly consisting of olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase, and the development of glomerocrysts. Clinopyroxene phenocrysts commonly show normal zoning, reverse zoning, and oscillatory zoning, with oscillatory zoning indicating multi-stage mafic magma replenishment and possible local contamination during magma evolution. Whole-rock major element analysis reveals that these rocks belong to the high-potassium calc-alkaline rock series. Clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and plagioclase phenocrysts and glomerocrysts show similar REE and trace element distribution patterns, with clinopyroxene being the most enriched in trace elements, followed by plagioclase, and orthopyroxene showing the lowest concentrations. The geochemical characteristics of olivine phenocrysts suggest that the magma source region may have originated from partial melting of peridotite, while the trace element compositions of the whole rocks and clinopyroxene phenocrysts record geochemical signatures characteristic of an arc-related tectonic setting. The mineral equilibrium temperature-pressure calculations reveal the existence of two intermediate to felsic magma reservoirs beneath the study area: a shallow dacitic magma reservoir (depth 8.3-13.6 km) and a deep andesitic magma reservoir (depth 18.4-30.2 km). The studied samples are derived from the deeper reservoir. Their formation involves mafic magma recharge, triggering mixing between crystal mush and melt; when newly generated melts become dominant within the reservoir, eruption is triggered, carrying semi-consolidated magmatic clots to the surface and forming the typical (glomerocrystic) textures.
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Key words:
- Cenozoic /
- high-K calc-alkaline volcanic rocks /
- phenocryst /
- magma reservoir /
- Tengchong area /
- rare earth elements /
- petrology
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图 1 腾冲新生代四期火山岩分布及取样地点
N2.上新世；Q1.早更新世；Q3.晚更新世；Q4.全新世（据姜朝松，1998b；Wang et al.，2006；Zhang et al.，2012）
Fig. 1. Distribution and sampling sites of four Cenozoic volcanic rock periods in Tengchong
图 2 腾冲火山区部分采样点野外照片
Fig. 2. Field photos of some sampling sites in Tengchong volcanic area
图 3 腾冲地区新生代火山岩显微镜下特征
a.斜长石的环带结构，边缘有橄榄石斑晶发育；b.斜长石、辉石斑晶，斜长石具有筛状结构；c.斜长石和石英斑晶；d.辉石聚斑晶.Ol.橄榄石；Opx.斜方辉石；Cpx.单斜辉石；Pl.斜长石；Qz.石英；V.空洞
Fig. 3. Microscopic characteristics of Cenozoic volcanic rocks in Tengchong area
图 4 TAS图解(a)和SiO2-K2O图解(b)
其他数据来源：Zhu et al.，1983；樊祺诚等，1999；Wang et al.，2006；赵勇伟和樊祺诚，2010；Zou et al.，2010，2014；Li et al.，2012，2020；李欣和刘嘉麒，等，2012；徐翠玲等，2012；于红梅等，2012；Yu et al.，2012；Zhang et al.，2012；Tucker et al.，2013；林木森等, 2014, 2017；Gao et al.，2015；Guo et al.，2015；李琳琳等，2015；丁磊磊等，2018；Hu et al.，2018；Tian et al.，2018；姚金，2018；Cheng et al.，2020；成智慧等，2020；Guo and Zou, 2021；Chen et al.，2023a，2023b
Fig. 4. Total alkalis-silica (TAS) diagram (a) and SiO2-K2O diagram (b)
图 5 橄榄石Fo值与CaO含量变化（灰色圆点表示前人研究数据）
其他数据来源：陈廷方，2003；李霓和张柳毅，2011；Yu et al.，2012；Huang et al.，2013；Duan et al.，2019；Chen et al.，2023a，2023b
Fig. 5. Variation diagram of olivine Fo value vs. CaO content (gray dots represent data from previous studies)
图 6 腾冲地区火山岩的长石(a)与辉石(b)斑晶分类
底图引自Cheng et al.(2020).其他数据来源：陈廷方，2003；于红梅等，2010；李霓和张柳毅，2011；Yu et al.，2012；Hu et al.，2018；Duan et al.，2019；成智慧等，2020
Fig. 6. Classification of feldspar (a) and pyroxene (b) phenocrysts in volcanic rock from Tengchong area
图 7 单斜辉石斑晶的稀土元素球粒陨石标准化图(a)与微量元素原始地幔蛛网图(b)
虚线为单斜辉石聚斑晶，全岩数据同图 4，球粒陨石数据和原始地幔数据引自Sun and McDonough（1989）
Fig. 7. Chondrite-normalized rare earth element diagram (a) and primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagram (b) for the clinopyroxene phenocrysts
图 8 斜方辉石斑晶的稀土元素球粒陨石标准化图与微量元素原始地幔蛛网图
球粒陨石数据和原始地幔数据引自Sun and McDonough（1989）
Fig. 8. Chondrite-normalized rare earth element diagram and primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagram for the orthopyroxene phenocrysts
图 9 长石斑晶的稀土元素球粒陨石标准化图与微量元素原始地幔蛛网图
球粒陨石数据和原始地幔数据引自Sun and McDonough（1989）
Fig. 9. Chondrite-normalized rare earth element diagram and primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagram for the feldspar phenocrysts
图 10 矿物‒熔体平衡判别图及温压计算结果（数据来源：Cheng et al., 2020）
Fig. 10. Discrimination diagram for mineral-melt equilibrium and calculation results of temperature and pressure (data source: Cheng et al., 2020)
图 11 腾冲地区火山岩斑晶显微结构（背散射电子图像）与成分特征
a.橄榄石斑晶；b，c.橄榄石Fe和Mg元素面分布（EDS分析）；d.斜长石韵律环带；e.单斜辉石反环带结构；f.斜长石的熔蚀边；g，h.单斜辉石振荡环带及LA-ICP-MS微区元素剖面（红圈为测试点）；数字代表Mg#；Ol.橄榄石；Opx.斜方辉石；Cpx.单斜辉石；Pl.斜长石
Fig. 11. Microtextures (backscattered electron, BSE images) and compositional features of phenocrysts in volcanic rocks from the Tengchong area
图 12 100Ni/Mg-100Mn/Fe图(a)、Ni/(Mg/Fe)/1 000-100Mn/Fe图(b)、100Ca/Fe-100Mn/Fe图(c)和Fe/Mn-Fo图(d)
a，b，c. 底图引自Sobolev et al.（2007）；d.引自Chen et al.（2023a，2023b）；数据引自Yu et al.（2012）
Fig. 12. 100Ni/Mg vs. 100Mn/Fe diagram (a), Ni/(Mg/Fe)/1 000 vs. 100Mn/Fe diagram (b), 100Ca/Fe vs. 100Mn/Fe diagram (c) and Fe/Mn vs. Fo diagram (d)
图 13 单斜辉石Alz-TiO2图(a)(据Loucks, 1990)和单斜辉石F1-F2图(b)(据Nisbet and Pearce, 1977)
Alz.4次配位Al占总Al的百分比；WPT.板块内部拉斑玄武岩；WPA.板块内部碱性玄武岩；VAB.火山弧玄武岩；OFB.洋底玄武岩；F1=-0.012SiO2-0.080 7TiO2+0.002 6Al2O3-0.001 2FeO-0.002 6MnO+0.008 7MgO-0.012 8CaO-0.041 9Na2O；F2=-0.046 9SiO2-0.081 8TiO2- 0.021 2Al2O3-0.004 1FeO-0.143 5MnO-0.002 9MgO+0.008 5CaO+0.016Na2O
Fig. 13. Clinopyroxene Alz vs. TiO2 diagram (a) (after Loucks, 1990) and clinopyroxene F1 vs. F2 diagram (b) (after Nisbet and Pearce, 1977)
图 14 腾冲火山岩平衡温压(a)(数据来源：Cheng et al., 2020)和地球物理模式图(b)(据Xu et al., 2018)
Fig. 14. Equilibrium temperature and pressure (a) (data source: Cheng et al., 2020) and geophysical model diagram (b) (after Xu et al., 2018) of Tengchong volcanic rocks
图 15 腾冲地区新生代火山岩的岩浆演化过程
Fig. 15. Diagram of magma evolution process of Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the Tengchong area
表 1 腾冲地区火山喷发期次划分
Table 1. Division of volcanic eruption periods in the Tengchong area
分期 时代 采样点 岩性 主要斑晶矿物组合 第一期
（8~3 Ma）上新世 芒棒 粗面安山岩 Pl+Px+少量Ol 第二期
（2.7~0.8 Ma）早‒中更新世 大黑山、大空山 大黑山：玄武质粗面安山岩；大空山：玄武质粗面安山岩与粗面安山岩 大黑山：Pl+Px+Ol大空山：Pl+Px+Ol 第三期
（0.8~0.2 Ma）晚更新世 曲石乡柱状节理观景台 玄武质粗面安山岩与粗面安山岩 Pl+Px+Ol 第四期
（< 0.2 Ma）全新世 打鹰山、马鞍山、老龟坡 打鹰山与马鞍山：粗面安山岩；老龟坡：粗面安山岩与玄武质粗面安山岩 打鹰山：Pl+Px马鞍山：Pl+Px+Ol老龟坡：Pl+Px+Ol 注：Pl. 斜长石；Px. 辉石；Ol. 橄榄石. 
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表 2 单斜辉石‒熔体温压计和斜长石‒熔体温压计计算结果
Table 2. Calculation results of temperature and pressure using clinopyroxene-liquid thermobarometers and plagioclase-liquid thermobarometers
温压计 温度（℃） 压力（kbar） 深度（km） Cpx-Liq (Putirka et al., 2003) 1 096~1 149 2.9~8.5 12.7~30.2 Pl-Liq (Putirka, 2005) 1 069~1 158 3.5~8.4 14.7~29.9
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