Formation, Potential, and Challenges of Marine-Continental Transitional Shale Gas in China
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摘要: 海陆过渡相页岩气是我国非常规天然气资源的重要接替领域.基于文献调研、野外露头调查、勘探实践、钻井取心及实验测试等综合分析，系统梳理并对比了世界及我国页岩气发展历程，剖析了鄂尔多斯盆地、四川盆地及周缘海陆过渡相页岩气勘探进展与挑战，深入探讨了海陆过渡相页岩气形成的关键地质条件、资源潜力、挑战与对策.研究表明，我国海陆过渡相页岩主要发育在石炭系‒二叠系（本溪组、山西组、龙潭组），以潟湖、沼泽和潮坪相为主，具备良好的页岩气形成条件与发展潜力：（1）富有机质页岩层段厚度大、分布广，有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主，有机质丰度高（TOC含量平均≥3.0%）、热演化适中（Ro为1.60%~2.61%），有利于气态烃大量生成.（2）页岩储集空间以无机孔（黏土矿物孔）为主，有机质微孔发育（0.4~0.7 nm），吸附气比例较高（平均值为61.0%，最高可达75%），有利于页岩气储存与富集.（3）我国海陆过渡相页岩气资源总量超50×1012 m3，其中鄂尔多斯盆地本溪组晋祠段、山23与山22+1亚段的有利区资源量达16×1012 m3，并已在山23亚段实现了工业突破，展示出良好的勘探开发前景.然而，海陆过渡相页岩气勘探开发尚处于起步突破阶段，面临诸多挑战，核心问题包括甜点段非均质性强、黏土矿物含量高等，这些挑战制约钻完井、压裂及开发效果.为实现海陆过渡相页岩气规模发展，需进一步深化“沉积相‒保存条件‒资源潜力”耦合评价，攻关“段内多簇+限流压裂”等压裂新工艺，发展“平台化井网+立体布井”新技术，推动海陆过渡相页岩层系在全油气系统内“页岩气‒煤岩（层）气‒致密气”三气协同共采.通过突破地质理论与工程技术瓶颈，海陆过渡相页岩气有望成为我国天然气增储上产的重要战略接替新领域.Abstract: Marine-continental transitional (MCT) shale gas is an important successor of unconventional natural gas resources in China. Based on integrated analyses of literature review, outcrop investigation, exploration practice, drilling cores, and experimental testing, it systematically reviewed and compared the development history of shale gas globally and in China, examined the exploration progress and challenges of MCT shale gas in the Ordos basin, Sichuan basin, and adjacent areas, and conducted a comprehensive discussion of the key geological conditions for the formation of shale gas and its resource potential, challenges, and counter measures. The results show that MCT shale in China is mainly developed within the Carboniferous-Permian strata (Benxi, Shanxi, and Longtan formations), dominated by lagoon, swamp, and tidal flat facies, and possesses favorable conditions for shale gas formation and development potential. (1) The organic-rich shale intervals are thick and widespread, with dominant Type Ⅲ organic matter, high organic matter abundance (average TOC content≥3.0%), and moderate thermal maturity (Ro=1.60%-2.61%), which are conducive to large-scale gaseous hydrocarbon generation. (2) Shale reservoirs are dominated by inorganic pores (clay mineral pores), with well-developed organic micropores (0.4-0.7 nm), and a high proportion of adsorbed gas (average 61.0%, up to 75%), providing favorable conditions for shale gas storage and enrichment. (3) The total MCT shale gas resource in China exceeds 50×1012 m3, of which the favorable resource volume in the Jinci Member of the Benxi Formation, the Shan23 and Shan 22+1 sub-members of the Shanxi Formation in the Ordos basin reaches 16×1012 m3. Notably, a commercial breakthrough has been achieved in the Shan23 sub-member, demonstrating promising exploration and development prospects. However, the exploration and development of MCT shale gas remain at the early breakthrough stage, facing many challenges such as strong heterogeneity of sweet spots and high clay mineral content, which constrain drilling, completion, fracturing, and development effectiveness. To achieve large-scale development of MCT shale gas requires integrated evaluation of "sedimentary facies-preservation conditions–resource potential, " as well as technological advances in "multi-cluster within stage+limited-entry fracturing" and "platform-based well pattern+3D well deployment." This will promote the coordinated co-production of shale gas, coal-rock gas, and tight gas within the MCT shale system in the context of the whole petroleum system. By overcoming bottlenecks in geological theory and engineering technology, MCT shale gas is expected to become a new strategic successor for increasing natural gas reserves and production in China.
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图 1 三大类型（海相、海陆过渡相、陆相）页岩气层系沉积特征
陆相、海相页岩层系岩性据邱振和邹才能（2020）和Zou et al.（2022）修改
Fig. 1. Sedimentary characteristics of three typical shale gas strata (marine, marine-continental transitional and continental)
图 2 全球页岩气产量增长历程
数据来源自美国能源信息署据EIA，CER，Rystad Energy，Secretaria de Energia等
Fig. 2. Global production growth of shale gas
图 3 美国页岩气产量增长与关键理论技术发展历程
据邹才能等(2017, 2021)；张君峰等（2022）修改
Fig. 3. The growth of USA shale gas production and the development history of key theories and technologies
图 4 中国页岩气产量增长与关键理论技术发展历程
据邹才能等（2017）修改
Fig. 4. The growth of China's shale gas production and the development history of key theories and technologies
图 5 中国主要海陆过渡相页岩层系与重点井分布
据邹才能等（2024）修改
Fig. 5. The distribution of major marine-continental transitional shale strata and typical discovery wells in China
图 6 鄂尔多斯盆地石炭系‒二叠系页岩层系划分与典型露头和岩心特征
地层综合柱子据匡立春等（2020）；牛小兵等（2024）修改；畔沟段岩石照片张力文等（2022）
Fig. 6. Stratigraphic column of the Carboniferous-Permian shale strata in the Ordos basin and their characteristics of typical outcrop and core
图 7 四川盆地二叠系龙潭组及典型页岩层段岩心特征
Fig. 7. Stratigraphic column of the Permian Longtan shale strata in the Sichuan basin and characteristics of typical core of their shale intervals
图 8 鄂尔多斯盆地海陆过渡相页岩气层系主要参数特征
部分数据来自张琴等（2022）；Zhang et al.（2023）
Fig. 8. Characteristics of key parameters of marine-continental transitional shale gas strata in the Ordos basin
图 9 鄂尔多斯盆地与四川盆地海陆过渡相页岩TOC含量分布
Fig. 9. Characteristics of TOC content distribution in marine-continental transitional shales of the Ordos basin and Sichuan basin
图 10 鄂尔多斯盆地与四川盆地海陆过渡相富有机质页岩微观孔‒缝发育特征
a. 米109，畔沟段，2 402.47 m；b. 神17，畔沟段，2 111.18 m；c. 神90，畔沟段，2 154.55 m；d. 米109，晋祠段，2 378.81 m；e. 麒20，晋祠段，2 747.93 m；f. 米138，晋祠段，2 823.07 m；g. 大吉3-4，山西组，2 145.8 m；h. 大吉3-4，山西组，2 150.1 m；i. 大吉3-4，山西组，2 163.2 m；j. 宁242，龙潭组，3 015.63 m；k. 云锦1，龙潭组，3 019.82 m；l. 云锦1，龙潭组，3 029.7 m
Fig. 10. Characteristics of microscopic pore-fractures of marine-continental transitional organic-rich shales in the Ordos basin and Sichuan basin
图 11 鄂尔多斯盆地和四川盆地海陆过渡相富有机质页岩矿物组分特征
Fig. 11. Characteristics of mineral compositions of marine-continental transitional organic-rich shales in the Ordos basin and Sichuan basin
图 12 海陆过渡相页岩与海相页岩有机孔隙发育与气体赋存特征对比
Fig. 12. Cartoon diagram for methane occurrence on pyrobitumen in marine shale and the stacking of aromatic layers of humic OM in the marine-continental transitional shale
图 13 鄂尔多斯盆地海陆过渡相页岩气有利区分布
等厚线数值为TOC含量≥2.0%页岩最大连续厚度. a. 本溪组晋祠段b. 山西组山23亚段c. 山西组山22+1亚段
Fig. 13. Distribution of favorable areas of the marine-continental transitional shale gas in the Ordos basin
表 1 国内外主要海陆过渡相页岩层系基本地质特征
Table 1. Geological characteristics of major marine-continental transitional shale strata around the world
国家 盆地 层系 页岩厚度（m） TOC（%） 有机质类型 沉积环境 美国 圣胡安盆地 白垩系Lewis组 425 （0.45~1.59）/1.3 Ⅲ 滨岸‒浅海 澳大利亚 北卡那封盆地 三叠系Mungaroo组 / 2.7 ⅢⅡ2 三角洲 波拿巴盆地 侏罗系Plover组 / （0.06~69）/3.54 Ⅲ 滨浅海、三角洲 侏罗系Elang组 / （0.03~36.7）/1.44 ⅢⅡ2 三角洲 侏罗系Frigate组 / （0.04~6.7）/1.38 ⅢⅡ2 三角洲 中国 鄂尔多斯盆地 石炭系本溪组 （10~30）/17 （0.34~19.1）/3.27 ⅢⅡ2 潟湖、潮坪、三角洲 二叠系太原组 （4~13）/8 （0.14~10.6）/4 ⅢⅡ2 潟湖、潮坪、三角洲 二叠系山西组 （43.5~187.3）/88.6 （0.1~29.2）/3.08 ⅢⅡ2 潟湖、潮坪、三角洲 沁水盆地 二叠系太原组‒山西组 50~200 （0.36~6.42）/1.98 Ⅲ 潟湖、潮坪、三角洲 南华北盆地 二叠系太原组‒山西组 22~370 （0.76~5.09）/2.70 ⅡⅢ 潟湖、三角洲 渤海湾盆地 二叠系太原组‒山西组 35 （2~4）/3 ⅡⅢ 潟湖、沼泽、潮坪 四川盆地 二叠系龙潭组 （20~200）/175 （0.8~35.7）/7.51 ⅡⅢ 潟湖、潮坪 湘中坳陷 二叠系龙潭组‒大隆组 65 （1.02~16.4）/3.54 ⅡⅢ 潟湖、沼泽、滨海 柴达木盆地 上石炭统克鲁克组 576 3.46 ⅡⅢ 潟湖、潮坪、沼泽 琼东南盆地 渐新统崖城组 / 2.43 Ⅲ 三角洲 注：据Thomas（2013）；包书景等（2016）；董大忠等（2021）；郭旭升等(2018, 2025)；郭少斌等（2021）；侯宇光等（2015）；焦方正等（2023）；邵龙义等（2021）；杨婷等（2017）；鄢继华等（2019）修改. 
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表 2 中国海陆过渡相页岩层系地质特征对比
Table 2. Comparison of geological characteristics of marine-continental transitional shale strata in China
主要地质特征 龙潭组 畔沟段 晋祠段 山2段 盆地 四川盆地 鄂尔多斯盆地 盆地类型 晚二叠世活化型克拉通盆地 晚石炭世陆表海型克拉通坳陷盆地 晚石炭世陆表海型克拉通坳陷盆地 早二叠世海陆过渡型克拉通坳陷盆地 页岩时代 P3 Cb2 Cb1 P1s 典型区块 南充‒綦江 横山‒吴堡 横山‒吴堡 大宁‒吉县 页岩气发现年份 2023 — — 2017 构造特征 多期构造叠合 平缓斜坡 平缓斜坡 平缓斜坡 断裂特征 断裂发育 主体无大断裂 主体无大断裂 主体无大断裂 气层埋深（m） 2 000~3 200 1 000~5 500 1 000~5 500 900~5 000 地层厚度（m） 36~128 5~700 5~500 40~80 岩相类型 含硅黏土质页岩 黑色页岩 碳质页岩 黑色页岩 储层厚度（m） 10~80 2.0~10 8.0~20 10~22 TOC（%） 0.57~18.37/3.20 (0.34~5.37)/2.34 (0.397~19.1)/4.2 (0.1~20.5)/3.4 有机质类型 Ⅱ2Ⅲ型 Ⅱ2Ⅲ型 Ⅱ2Ⅲ型 Ⅱ2Ⅲ型 Ro（%） 1.8~3.2 (1.60~2.41)/1.95 (1.60~2.41)/1.95 (2.02~2.61)/2.32 脆性矿物含量（%） (8.0~65.7)/47.8 (7.5~68.6)/48.5 (33.9~75.7)/49.5 (30~86.7)/48.40 孔隙类型 无机质孔为主 无机质孔为主 无机质孔为主 无机质孔为主 孔隙度（%） (1.13~9.00)/5.53 (0.7~1.65)/1.24 (0.27~2.23)/1.51 (1.1~3.6)/2.05 渗透率(mD) — — — — 含气量(m3/t) (0.56~8.78)/2.02 — (0.26~6.53)/2.22 (0.16~9.22)/1.59 吸附气含量(m3/t) 3.21~4.44 0.97~5.23 (1.04~7.33)/3.14 (0.47~6.53)/3.6 游离气占比（%） — — 27.3~52.6 22.62~61.18 压力系数 — — — 0.95~1.05 资源量(1012 m3) — — 2.91 3.88 储量丰度(108 m3/km2) — — 0.71 0.73
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表 3 海陆过渡相与海相页岩气主要地质条件对比
Table 3. Comparison of main shale gas geological characteristics between marine-continental transitional and marine
参数名称 海相（五峰组‒龙马溪组） 海陆过渡相（本溪组‒山西组/龙潭组） TOC（%） 2~10 0.1~19.1 干酪根类型 IⅡ₁型为主 Ⅲ型为主 镜质体反射率Rₒ（%） 2.1~4.2（高‒过成熟） 1.60~2.61（高成熟） 有机质来源 海源（藻类、浮游生物） 陆源+海源 孔隙度（%） 2.5~10（平均4.5~6） 0.16~9.0（平均2~3.5） 脆性矿物含量（%） 60~80（石英为主） 30~50（石英含量低） 黏土矿物含量（%） 20~40（伊利石为主） 50~70（高岭石含量高） 主要孔隙类型 有机孔为主（占比50%~70%） 无机孔为主（占比 > 60%） 含气量（m3/t） 4.0~10（游离气占比 > 50%） 1.0~5.0（游离气占比低于40%） 压力系数 1.2~2.1（四川盆地） 0.95~1.05（鄂尔多斯盆地）
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表 4 海陆过渡相与海相页岩气甜点段参数对比
Table 4. Comparison of shale gas sweet-spot interval parameters between marine-continental transitional and marine
关键参数 海陆过渡相（本溪组晋祠段） 海陆过渡相（山23页岩） 海相（五峰组‒龙马溪组） 海相（吴家坪组/大隆组） 埋深（m） 1 000~3 500 900~3 500 2 300~6 000 3 500~5 000 厚度（m） 4.0~10 5.0~15 5.0~20 10~20 TOC（%） 2.5~6.0 2.5~7.0 3.0~6.0 3.0~10 Ro（%） 1.6~2.4 2.02~2.61 2.0~3.6 2.0~3.0 孔隙度（%） 2.0~6.0 2.0~6.0 4.0~8.0 3.0~7.0 脆性指数（%） 35~75 35~70 50~70 70~90 总含气量(m3/t） 1.5~4.0 1.5~4.0 5.0~10 4.0~10
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表 5 海陆过渡相页岩气有利区评价指标
Table 5. Evaluation indicators for favorable areas of the marine-continental transitional shale gas
关键参数 Ⅰ类有利区 Ⅱ类有利区 优质（TOC≥2.0%）页岩最大连续厚度（m） ≥5.0 测井TOC含量（%） ≥4.0 2.0~4.0 Ro(%) ≥1.1 埋藏深度(m) 1 000~4 500 测井孔隙度(%) ≥2.0 测井总含气量（m3/t） ≥2.0 1.0~2.0 测井脆性指数（%） ≥40 30~40
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