Abstract: Over the past 60 years, the implementation of a series of deep-sea drilling programs has yielded remarkable advancements in our understanding of the Earth and oceans. This paper reviews the evolution of deep-sea drilling technology, examining key techniques such as dynamic positioning, heave compensation for drill strings, borehole re-entry, mud circulation systems under deep-water conditions, and various rock coring methods. Aligning with China's strategic initiatives to tackle deep-sea drilling challenges, the paper summarizes the application of these technologies during trial voyages and the scientific insights gained. Drawing upon the "Mengxiang" ocean drilling vessel, key development areas have been identified for deep-sea drilling technology, encompassing AI-assisted operations, materials resistant to high temperatures and pressures in the deep sea, high-precision detection, and high-speed communication, offering a valuable reference for future research and application in deep-sea drilling technology.