2017 Vol. 42, No. 11
Display Method:
PDF 243KB
2017, 42(11): 1851-1870.
doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.117
Abstract:
Source-to-Sink (S2S) system has attracted a wide attention, and currently becomes the important issues covered in earth science field. As important composing of S2S, the continental basin, unlike marine continental margin basin, consist of multiple units or elements, complex sediment process, various sedimentary system, and unpredictable coupling model in the source to sink system. However, at present such domestic concern of S2S in the continental basin is still at an early stage. The S2S system in the continental basins consist essentially of sediment supply, transport and depositional dynamic processes and mechanisms, deep-time paleoclimate and S2S analysis, the morphological and sedimentological aspect of erosional-depositional systems, elemental analysis and coupling model investigation of S2S system. Multiple methods in sediment tracing based on borehole, core and other test data to reveal paleo-provenance and reconstruct paleo-drainage in the continental basin. Then, seismic geomorphology or sedimentology based on high resolution 3D seismic data provides a tool for study of subsurface depositional geomorphology and processes. Focus on S2S relationships for various source-rock combinations, new method for S2S study by integrating modern system and subsurface interpretation, establishment of quantitative relationship from source to sink, and form industrial application standard are the research trends of S2S system in the continental basins.
Source-to-Sink (S2S) system has attracted a wide attention, and currently becomes the important issues covered in earth science field. As important composing of S2S, the continental basin, unlike marine continental margin basin, consist of multiple units or elements, complex sediment process, various sedimentary system, and unpredictable coupling model in the source to sink system. However, at present such domestic concern of S2S in the continental basin is still at an early stage. The S2S system in the continental basins consist essentially of sediment supply, transport and depositional dynamic processes and mechanisms, deep-time paleoclimate and S2S analysis, the morphological and sedimentological aspect of erosional-depositional systems, elemental analysis and coupling model investigation of S2S system. Multiple methods in sediment tracing based on borehole, core and other test data to reveal paleo-provenance and reconstruct paleo-drainage in the continental basin. Then, seismic geomorphology or sedimentology based on high resolution 3D seismic data provides a tool for study of subsurface depositional geomorphology and processes. Focus on S2S relationships for various source-rock combinations, new method for S2S study by integrating modern system and subsurface interpretation, establishment of quantitative relationship from source to sink, and form industrial application standard are the research trends of S2S system in the continental basins.
2017, 42(11): 1871-1882.
doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.118
Abstract:
The strike slip faults are widely distributed in Bohai sea area and they play an important role in the formation and evolution of the sedimentary basin and the Source-to-Sink system. According to the principles of Source-to-Sink system analysis, this paper focuses on the study of control of the strike slip fault over the Source-to-Sink system of the Paleogene in Bohai on the basis of a large number of drilling data and seismic data analysis. It is found that the transpression of the strike slip faults controls the formation of local provenance system. and the transtension of the strike slip faults controls the formation of eroded ravines and valleys. The horizontal movement of the strike-slip fault controls the lateral migration of Source-to-Sink system. The Source-to-Sink system in the strike slip fault zone is more complex than that of the simple extension fault zone. There are four kinds of common Source-to-Sink system of strike slip faults in Paleogene in Bohai including S type strike slip fault source sink system mode, en echelon type strike slip fault source sink system mode, brush strike slip fault source sink system mode, and conjugate strike slip fault source sink system mode. The study on the characteristics of Source-to-Sink system and its sand control pattern of strike slip fault zone is very important for reservoir prediction in petroliferous basin.
The strike slip faults are widely distributed in Bohai sea area and they play an important role in the formation and evolution of the sedimentary basin and the Source-to-Sink system. According to the principles of Source-to-Sink system analysis, this paper focuses on the study of control of the strike slip fault over the Source-to-Sink system of the Paleogene in Bohai on the basis of a large number of drilling data and seismic data analysis. It is found that the transpression of the strike slip faults controls the formation of local provenance system. and the transtension of the strike slip faults controls the formation of eroded ravines and valleys. The horizontal movement of the strike-slip fault controls the lateral migration of Source-to-Sink system. The Source-to-Sink system in the strike slip fault zone is more complex than that of the simple extension fault zone. There are four kinds of common Source-to-Sink system of strike slip faults in Paleogene in Bohai including S type strike slip fault source sink system mode, en echelon type strike slip fault source sink system mode, brush strike slip fault source sink system mode, and conjugate strike slip fault source sink system mode. The study on the characteristics of Source-to-Sink system and its sand control pattern of strike slip fault zone is very important for reservoir prediction in petroliferous basin.
2017, 42(11): 1883-1896.
doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.119
Abstract:
During the early stage of Palaeogene, western Shaleitian uplift and surrounding areas constituted a complete Source-to-Sink system under the control of steep slope fault. We analyzed the characteristics of Source-to-Sink elements (provenance system, sediment-routing system, and sedimentary system), discussed the relativities among the three elements and established the coupling model of steep slope fault based on detritus, thin section and the geophysical response datain this study. Results show that the provenance of western Shaleitian uplifts was filled by Proterozoic metamorphic rocks. Based on the Paleogene palaeo-geomorphology, we divided the provenance into four third-order catchment units, obtained the quantitative parameters of height difference and catchment area, and confirmed the distribution and scales of incised valleys and faulted-troughsediment-transport pathways. The facies architecture and sediment-dispersal characters of fan-deltas system in the third member of Eocene Shahejie Formation have been analyzed by the stratal slice images. Quantitative analysis of the parameters in the source-to-sink system show that the total sediment volume yielded by the eroded and weathered hinterland into the basin is closely related to the catchment area and the height difference of the hinterland. Then, the coupling model of source (migmatitic granite)-channel (incised valleys or fault-trough sediment-transport pathways)-sink (near-source coarse grain size fan delta-gravity flow-lake system) controlled by fault steep slopehas been established.
During the early stage of Palaeogene, western Shaleitian uplift and surrounding areas constituted a complete Source-to-Sink system under the control of steep slope fault. We analyzed the characteristics of Source-to-Sink elements (provenance system, sediment-routing system, and sedimentary system), discussed the relativities among the three elements and established the coupling model of steep slope fault based on detritus, thin section and the geophysical response datain this study. Results show that the provenance of western Shaleitian uplifts was filled by Proterozoic metamorphic rocks. Based on the Paleogene palaeo-geomorphology, we divided the provenance into four third-order catchment units, obtained the quantitative parameters of height difference and catchment area, and confirmed the distribution and scales of incised valleys and faulted-troughsediment-transport pathways. The facies architecture and sediment-dispersal characters of fan-deltas system in the third member of Eocene Shahejie Formation have been analyzed by the stratal slice images. Quantitative analysis of the parameters in the source-to-sink system show that the total sediment volume yielded by the eroded and weathered hinterland into the basin is closely related to the catchment area and the height difference of the hinterland. Then, the coupling model of source (migmatitic granite)-channel (incised valleys or fault-trough sediment-transport pathways)-sink (near-source coarse grain size fan delta-gravity flow-lake system) controlled by fault steep slopehas been established.
2017, 42(11): 1897-1909.
doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.120
Abstract:
The restoration of the original eroded landforms of the source area and its association with sand bodies and high quality reservoirs are very important parts of the Source-to-Sink system analysis.Based on the drilling data, 3-D seismic data and other experimental analysis, the distribution of the paleo-provenance of the reservoirs of the Es12 in the eastern of Shijiutuo uplift was restoredin this study, using statistical method. The paleo-provenance's control on the reservoir was discussed as well. The results suggest:(1) The near-source fan-delta sandstone and conglomerate reservoirs in the study area received sediments. The parent rocks of the paleo-provenance in the eastern sub-uplift were Cretaceous acidic igneous rocks while the parent rocks of the paleo-provenance in western sub-uplift were Mesozoic clastic rocks with thin interlayers of intermediate-acidic igneous rocks, which were totally different from the residual bedrock. (2) Due to differences of the mother rock, the igneous rocks of the eastern sub-uplift were more likely to be eroded and formed large-scale sandstone and conglomerate. (3) The reservoir physical properties of the study area were affected by the source rock lithology and reservoir diagenesis. The eastern reservoirs were characterized by high content of the acid igneous rocks, gravels and other soluble components and coarse grain size. The interstitial substance was carbonate cements. In the process of diagenesis, the intermediate-acid igneous rocks and gravels were susceptible to the strong dissolution of organic acids, leading to the development of secondary pores. However, the reservoir featured low porosity and low permeability due to the further cementing of strong carbonate minerals. The western reservoirs were characterized by high content of refractory components such as metamorphic rocks and quartz, with clay as the interstitial substance. The primary porosity was preserved to be the dominant porosity, the reservoir featured medium-high porosity and high permeability.The results of this study are useful for sandstone and conglomerate reservoir prediction.
The restoration of the original eroded landforms of the source area and its association with sand bodies and high quality reservoirs are very important parts of the Source-to-Sink system analysis.Based on the drilling data, 3-D seismic data and other experimental analysis, the distribution of the paleo-provenance of the reservoirs of the Es12 in the eastern of Shijiutuo uplift was restoredin this study, using statistical method. The paleo-provenance's control on the reservoir was discussed as well. The results suggest:(1) The near-source fan-delta sandstone and conglomerate reservoirs in the study area received sediments. The parent rocks of the paleo-provenance in the eastern sub-uplift were Cretaceous acidic igneous rocks while the parent rocks of the paleo-provenance in western sub-uplift were Mesozoic clastic rocks with thin interlayers of intermediate-acidic igneous rocks, which were totally different from the residual bedrock. (2) Due to differences of the mother rock, the igneous rocks of the eastern sub-uplift were more likely to be eroded and formed large-scale sandstone and conglomerate. (3) The reservoir physical properties of the study area were affected by the source rock lithology and reservoir diagenesis. The eastern reservoirs were characterized by high content of the acid igneous rocks, gravels and other soluble components and coarse grain size. The interstitial substance was carbonate cements. In the process of diagenesis, the intermediate-acid igneous rocks and gravels were susceptible to the strong dissolution of organic acids, leading to the development of secondary pores. However, the reservoir featured low porosity and low permeability due to the further cementing of strong carbonate minerals. The western reservoirs were characterized by high content of refractory components such as metamorphic rocks and quartz, with clay as the interstitial substance. The primary porosity was preserved to be the dominant porosity, the reservoir featured medium-high porosity and high permeability.The results of this study are useful for sandstone and conglomerate reservoir prediction.
2017, 42(11): 1910-1921.
doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.121
Abstract:
Source-to-Sink process involves the production, transportation and accumulation of terrigenous clastic sediments. Sediments are produced dominantly by weathering and eroding exposed rocks on continent surfaces, with processes mainly regulated by climate and tectonics. Modern regolith studies document that under specific weathering regime (supply-limited weathering), surface soils can be weathered to certain degrees related to temperature and moisture (precipitation vs. evaporation) and their relationships can be outlined by empirical climate transfer functions. Through Source-to-Sink process, the climate signal can be transmitted, along sediment transport, from the source to the sink and is finally preserved in the sedimentary archives. However, climate signals might be damped or shred by landscape erosion and sediment routing systems due to the complexity and autogenic fluctuations of Source-to-Sink process. The climate signal propagation can be selectively filtered, and its fidelity and efficiency are closely related to the frequency and amplitude of climate changes. Studies of deep-time paleoclimate of terrigenous clastic sequences require a thorough understanding of the Source-to-Sink process and the comparison between timescales of sedimentary system responding and potential climate change.
Source-to-Sink process involves the production, transportation and accumulation of terrigenous clastic sediments. Sediments are produced dominantly by weathering and eroding exposed rocks on continent surfaces, with processes mainly regulated by climate and tectonics. Modern regolith studies document that under specific weathering regime (supply-limited weathering), surface soils can be weathered to certain degrees related to temperature and moisture (precipitation vs. evaporation) and their relationships can be outlined by empirical climate transfer functions. Through Source-to-Sink process, the climate signal can be transmitted, along sediment transport, from the source to the sink and is finally preserved in the sedimentary archives. However, climate signals might be damped or shred by landscape erosion and sediment routing systems due to the complexity and autogenic fluctuations of Source-to-Sink process. The climate signal propagation can be selectively filtered, and its fidelity and efficiency are closely related to the frequency and amplitude of climate changes. Studies of deep-time paleoclimate of terrigenous clastic sequences require a thorough understanding of the Source-to-Sink process and the comparison between timescales of sedimentary system responding and potential climate change.
2017, 42(11): 1922-1935.
doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.122
Abstract:
Paleo-geomorphology is one of key controls on paleo-drainage and depositional systemson. In order to better understand the paleo-drainage system and Source-to-Sink system to provide scientific evidences for predictions of provenance system, deposition system and sand stone distribution, the paleo-geomorphology of the Guantao Formation in East Liaodong area, East Bozhong depression of Bohai bay basin are reconstructed using two methods in this paper. Comparison of paleo-morphological reconstruction and paleo-drainage interpretation with different methods shows that paleo-morphology restoration of deposition area using residual thickness may be used in understanding of paleo-drainage outlines for deposition area only. However, paleo-geomorphology restoration for depositional area and erosional areas provides a comprehensive paleo-drainage interpretation for depositional and erosional areas taken as a whole. The integrated paleo-morphology restoration can facilitate the prediction of paleo-drainage distribution in source area of "Source-to-Sink system", and establishment of relationship of paleo-drainage systems from source area to sink area.
Paleo-geomorphology is one of key controls on paleo-drainage and depositional systemson. In order to better understand the paleo-drainage system and Source-to-Sink system to provide scientific evidences for predictions of provenance system, deposition system and sand stone distribution, the paleo-geomorphology of the Guantao Formation in East Liaodong area, East Bozhong depression of Bohai bay basin are reconstructed using two methods in this paper. Comparison of paleo-morphological reconstruction and paleo-drainage interpretation with different methods shows that paleo-morphology restoration of deposition area using residual thickness may be used in understanding of paleo-drainage outlines for deposition area only. However, paleo-geomorphology restoration for depositional area and erosional areas provides a comprehensive paleo-drainage interpretation for depositional and erosional areas taken as a whole. The integrated paleo-morphology restoration can facilitate the prediction of paleo-drainage distribution in source area of "Source-to-Sink system", and establishment of relationship of paleo-drainage systems from source area to sink area.
2017, 42(11): 2025-2039.
doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.129
Abstract:
Deltaic sedimentation provides the material source for the formation of re-transported gravity flow, and it has a significant effect on the sedimentary characteristics and distribution of re-transported gravity flow deposits. The sedimentary characteristics of different types of gravity flow deposits and their distribution in the middle part of the third member of Shahejie Formation of the Dongying sag were investigated using core, granularity, seismic and well logging data. The influence of deltaic sedimentation on the re-transported gravity flow deposits was studied. It has been shown that four types of gravity flow deposits were developed in Es3z in the Dongying sag, including slide and slump deposits, debrites, and turbidites. There exist differences among different types of gravity flow deposits in terms of sedimentary structures, grain size characteristics, and geophysical responses. In the study area, sandy debrites were best developed, followed sequentially by slide and slump deposits, turbidites, and muddy debrites. There are differences in the abundance of the types and the vertical sequences of diffenent deposits among different locations in the study area. The sedimentary types are mainly composed of sandy debrites with vertical sequences characteristic of amalgamation of sandy debrites being common in the southern Boxing and Xin-133 blocks.There is a big difference among gravity flow deposits and vertical sequences from proximal to distal in the southern of Niuzhuang area and the western central uplift zone.Turbidites are better developed in the Ying-11 block. Sandy debrites and slump deposits are the dominated deposits in the Feng-14 block. The mud content of the delta front deposits appears to have a significant impact on the gravity flow types and their sedimentary characteristics. Deltaic sediments with different grain sizes have different slope angles which is closely related to the formation, types and distribution characteristics of the gravity flow deposits. Under the same conditions, the larger the progradation slope angle is, the better developed the re-transported gravity flow deposits would be, especially for the slide and slump deposits. On the contrary, the sliding distance is shorter. The slide and slump deposits are mainly distributed in the slope break and near the syn-sedimentary faults; turbidites are mainly in the basin floor; while debris flow deposits occur from the slope break to the basin floor.The high accumulation rate contributes to the formation of gravity flows by decreasing the internal friction, and the difference between the accumulation rate and subsidence rate is also of great importance to the vertical superimposed structures and lateral continuity of re-transported gravity flow deposits.
Deltaic sedimentation provides the material source for the formation of re-transported gravity flow, and it has a significant effect on the sedimentary characteristics and distribution of re-transported gravity flow deposits. The sedimentary characteristics of different types of gravity flow deposits and their distribution in the middle part of the third member of Shahejie Formation of the Dongying sag were investigated using core, granularity, seismic and well logging data. The influence of deltaic sedimentation on the re-transported gravity flow deposits was studied. It has been shown that four types of gravity flow deposits were developed in Es3z in the Dongying sag, including slide and slump deposits, debrites, and turbidites. There exist differences among different types of gravity flow deposits in terms of sedimentary structures, grain size characteristics, and geophysical responses. In the study area, sandy debrites were best developed, followed sequentially by slide and slump deposits, turbidites, and muddy debrites. There are differences in the abundance of the types and the vertical sequences of diffenent deposits among different locations in the study area. The sedimentary types are mainly composed of sandy debrites with vertical sequences characteristic of amalgamation of sandy debrites being common in the southern Boxing and Xin-133 blocks.There is a big difference among gravity flow deposits and vertical sequences from proximal to distal in the southern of Niuzhuang area and the western central uplift zone.Turbidites are better developed in the Ying-11 block. Sandy debrites and slump deposits are the dominated deposits in the Feng-14 block. The mud content of the delta front deposits appears to have a significant impact on the gravity flow types and their sedimentary characteristics. Deltaic sediments with different grain sizes have different slope angles which is closely related to the formation, types and distribution characteristics of the gravity flow deposits. Under the same conditions, the larger the progradation slope angle is, the better developed the re-transported gravity flow deposits would be, especially for the slide and slump deposits. On the contrary, the sliding distance is shorter. The slide and slump deposits are mainly distributed in the slope break and near the syn-sedimentary faults; turbidites are mainly in the basin floor; while debris flow deposits occur from the slope break to the basin floor.The high accumulation rate contributes to the formation of gravity flows by decreasing the internal friction, and the difference between the accumulation rate and subsidence rate is also of great importance to the vertical superimposed structures and lateral continuity of re-transported gravity flow deposits.
2017, 42(11): 2040-2054.
doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.130
Abstract:
The Eocene Liushagang Formation, the main hydrocarbon-bearing stratum in Wushi depression, is a promising replacement area in Beibuwan basin. Provenance analysis of the sandbody is significant for better understanding of its distribution and "Source-to-Sink system", which facilitates in turn the oil-gas exploration and development in this area. However, the study in this area, especially on the provenance is very limited. In this study, the provenance of sediments in Eocene Liushagang Formation is analyzed by integrating with the seismic, lithological and electric properties, core, components of the sandstones, assemblage styles of the heavy mineral, and probability cumulative grain size curves. Results show as follows:(1) There are two provenances, one from north and the other from south, in the study area. Northern sourced well WS17-2 and WS16-1 area is mainly feldspathic litharenite with high feldspar contents. However southern sourced well WS22-7-2 and WS22-9 area is mainly litharenite with high lithic contents. (2) The well WS17-2 and WS16-1 area exhibits high tourmaline, hematite contents and low garnet contents, while the well WS22-7-2 and WS22-9 area exhibits high hematite, garnet, zircon contents and low tourmaline contents. (3) A large number of probability cumulative grain size curves indicate that northern sourced well WS17-2 area and southern sourced well WS22-7-2 and WS22-9 area share equivalent largest particle diameter (-2 to -1Φ) as well as suspended particulate diameter (2-3Φ). However both measures in well WS16-1 area are 0-1Φ and 3.6-4.0Φ, with smaller scales implying characteristics of long distance transport. (4) The debris in study area shows poor sort and round, rich plastic debris and matrix, implying typical characteristics of sedimentary filling in small sag. It is concluded that the provenance of Liushagang Formation in Wushi depression is a typical example of small rift basin, with reservoir parameters mainly involved with compaction and matrix contents.
The Eocene Liushagang Formation, the main hydrocarbon-bearing stratum in Wushi depression, is a promising replacement area in Beibuwan basin. Provenance analysis of the sandbody is significant for better understanding of its distribution and "Source-to-Sink system", which facilitates in turn the oil-gas exploration and development in this area. However, the study in this area, especially on the provenance is very limited. In this study, the provenance of sediments in Eocene Liushagang Formation is analyzed by integrating with the seismic, lithological and electric properties, core, components of the sandstones, assemblage styles of the heavy mineral, and probability cumulative grain size curves. Results show as follows:(1) There are two provenances, one from north and the other from south, in the study area. Northern sourced well WS17-2 and WS16-1 area is mainly feldspathic litharenite with high feldspar contents. However southern sourced well WS22-7-2 and WS22-9 area is mainly litharenite with high lithic contents. (2) The well WS17-2 and WS16-1 area exhibits high tourmaline, hematite contents and low garnet contents, while the well WS22-7-2 and WS22-9 area exhibits high hematite, garnet, zircon contents and low tourmaline contents. (3) A large number of probability cumulative grain size curves indicate that northern sourced well WS17-2 area and southern sourced well WS22-7-2 and WS22-9 area share equivalent largest particle diameter (-2 to -1Φ) as well as suspended particulate diameter (2-3Φ). However both measures in well WS16-1 area are 0-1Φ and 3.6-4.0Φ, with smaller scales implying characteristics of long distance transport. (4) The debris in study area shows poor sort and round, rich plastic debris and matrix, implying typical characteristics of sedimentary filling in small sag. It is concluded that the provenance of Liushagang Formation in Wushi depression is a typical example of small rift basin, with reservoir parameters mainly involved with compaction and matrix contents.
2017, 42(11): 2055-2068, 2104.
doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.131
Abstract:
Dagang exploration area has become an important replacement reservoir field thanks to recent break throughs in its Upper Paleozoic showing good exploration prospects. However, its exploration degree stays low because further exploration of series of strata and well deployment is restricted due to our lack of understanding of the types of sedimentary facies and sedimentary evolution. Based on sedimentology theories, study of cores, slices, well log and logging, types of sedimentary facies and evolution process of every formation in Dagang exploration area of Upper Paleozoic are determined, and the controlling factors of sedimentary facies development are analyzed in this paper. Results show that Benxi Formation in Dagang are adevelops barrier coast facies and carbonate platform facies, Taiyuan Formation develops barrier coast facies, carbonate platform facies and wet land facies, Shanxi Formation develops shallow delta facies, and lower Shihezi and upper Shihezi Formation develops fluvial facies. The type of sedimentary facies from Benxi formation to the upper Shihezi Formation reflects the start, development and decline process of transgression in late Paleozoic. Tectonism, sea level changing and paleoclimate all control the development of sedimentary facies types.
Dagang exploration area has become an important replacement reservoir field thanks to recent break throughs in its Upper Paleozoic showing good exploration prospects. However, its exploration degree stays low because further exploration of series of strata and well deployment is restricted due to our lack of understanding of the types of sedimentary facies and sedimentary evolution. Based on sedimentology theories, study of cores, slices, well log and logging, types of sedimentary facies and evolution process of every formation in Dagang exploration area of Upper Paleozoic are determined, and the controlling factors of sedimentary facies development are analyzed in this paper. Results show that Benxi Formation in Dagang are adevelops barrier coast facies and carbonate platform facies, Taiyuan Formation develops barrier coast facies, carbonate platform facies and wet land facies, Shanxi Formation develops shallow delta facies, and lower Shihezi and upper Shihezi Formation develops fluvial facies. The type of sedimentary facies from Benxi formation to the upper Shihezi Formation reflects the start, development and decline process of transgression in late Paleozoic. Tectonism, sea level changing and paleoclimate all control the development of sedimentary facies types.
2017, 42(11): 2069-2080.
doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.132
Abstract:
The northern section of Liaoxi low uplift used to be regarded as a "forbidden zone" for exploration because it has been believed to be short of generation supply capacity and high-quality reservoirs as a result of its small existing provenance area. In order to determine the provenance features and distribution of reservoir of northern section of Liaoxi low uplift, drilling, logging and 3D seismic data are used for the fine description of the elements of Source-to-Sink system, including ancient provenance features, ancient valleys and slope break system in this study.In addition, the horizontal distribution of sand rich deposits is predicted, and the controlling factors of differential enrichment of sand were are discussed. It is found that the recessive provenance areas developed are distributed from south to north in a shape of several isolated archipelagos in the study area. What's more, two kinds of ancient valleys, namely, half filling type and erosion type, and 8 kinds of combination type of slope break zone also develop in the study area and several proximal sedimentary deposits are distributed around the provenance. The coupling relationship of Source-to-Sink plays a decisive role in the enrichment degree of sand bodies, among which the size and duration of provenance are the determining factors in the development of sand bodies. Furthermore, the fault activity and types of slope break further determine the difference of the enrichment degree of sand bodies in different positions. The study results have been applied in the discovery of Jinzhou 25-1 and Jinzhou 20-2N oil and gas fields.
The northern section of Liaoxi low uplift used to be regarded as a "forbidden zone" for exploration because it has been believed to be short of generation supply capacity and high-quality reservoirs as a result of its small existing provenance area. In order to determine the provenance features and distribution of reservoir of northern section of Liaoxi low uplift, drilling, logging and 3D seismic data are used for the fine description of the elements of Source-to-Sink system, including ancient provenance features, ancient valleys and slope break system in this study.In addition, the horizontal distribution of sand rich deposits is predicted, and the controlling factors of differential enrichment of sand were are discussed. It is found that the recessive provenance areas developed are distributed from south to north in a shape of several isolated archipelagos in the study area. What's more, two kinds of ancient valleys, namely, half filling type and erosion type, and 8 kinds of combination type of slope break zone also develop in the study area and several proximal sedimentary deposits are distributed around the provenance. The coupling relationship of Source-to-Sink plays a decisive role in the enrichment degree of sand bodies, among which the size and duration of provenance are the determining factors in the development of sand bodies. Furthermore, the fault activity and types of slope break further determine the difference of the enrichment degree of sand bodies in different positions. The study results have been applied in the discovery of Jinzhou 25-1 and Jinzhou 20-2N oil and gas fields.
2017, 42(11): 2081-2094.
doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.133
Abstract:
The study of Source-to-Sink system is a hot topic in geology research. During the sedimentary period of the second member of the Shahejie Formation (Es2), the structural stable south slope belt in the Dongying sag and its source area Guangrao uplift constituted a complete Source-to-Sink system. In this study, we analyze the paleogeomorphy, the characteristics of sediment transfer pathways and the braided shallow-water delta depositional system based on cores, logging, analytical experiment data and 3D seismic data. This paper presents in detail the sedimentary system distribution, the spatial and temporal relationship, the dominant factor of sedimentary process and sediment-dispersal patterns of the Source-to-Sink system in study area by the seismic attribute and lithology analysis. The results show there are three (ⅰ-ⅲ) catchments, four (V1-V4) paleo-valleys from west to east in the source area. The clastic sediments supply to the deposition area, which is shore-shallow lake deposit environment gentle slope (0.52°-1.29°), by the transportation of paleo-valley. This process contributes to a moderate sorted, well rounding pebbly sandstone braided shallow-water delta system that river channel diverges frequently in the plane, several positive rhythm sediments overlay vertically. The sedimentary bodies increase from lower Es2 to upper Es2. The vertical evolution of the sedimentary system is mainly controlled by the lake-level fluctuation resulted from the paleoclimatic change. In the plane, the form and scale of the lobes body in Ⅰ-Ⅲ sedimentary area are controlled by the geomorphology vertical elevation difference of the source area, the area of the catchments, the form and scale of the pathways. It shows a positive correlation among the area of the lobes body, the vertical elevation difference and the area of the catchment.
The study of Source-to-Sink system is a hot topic in geology research. During the sedimentary period of the second member of the Shahejie Formation (Es2), the structural stable south slope belt in the Dongying sag and its source area Guangrao uplift constituted a complete Source-to-Sink system. In this study, we analyze the paleogeomorphy, the characteristics of sediment transfer pathways and the braided shallow-water delta depositional system based on cores, logging, analytical experiment data and 3D seismic data. This paper presents in detail the sedimentary system distribution, the spatial and temporal relationship, the dominant factor of sedimentary process and sediment-dispersal patterns of the Source-to-Sink system in study area by the seismic attribute and lithology analysis. The results show there are three (ⅰ-ⅲ) catchments, four (V1-V4) paleo-valleys from west to east in the source area. The clastic sediments supply to the deposition area, which is shore-shallow lake deposit environment gentle slope (0.52°-1.29°), by the transportation of paleo-valley. This process contributes to a moderate sorted, well rounding pebbly sandstone braided shallow-water delta system that river channel diverges frequently in the plane, several positive rhythm sediments overlay vertically. The sedimentary bodies increase from lower Es2 to upper Es2. The vertical evolution of the sedimentary system is mainly controlled by the lake-level fluctuation resulted from the paleoclimatic change. In the plane, the form and scale of the lobes body in Ⅰ-Ⅲ sedimentary area are controlled by the geomorphology vertical elevation difference of the source area, the area of the catchments, the form and scale of the pathways. It shows a positive correlation among the area of the lobes body, the vertical elevation difference and the area of the catchment.
2017, 42(11): 2095-2104.
doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.134
Abstract:
Lake level fluctuation has an important influence on the development of delta sediments. However, previous studies have not included any quantitative analysis of the formation process. In this paper, the hydrodynamic numerical simulation method is used to simulate the formation process of the shallow water delta in the case of lake level fluctuation and to analyze its evolution law. According to the hydrodynamic characteristics of modern river delta, the hydrodynamic and sedimentary conditions were designed. Two sedementation processes of lake level fluctuation were simulated by Delft3D. The simulation analysis show that lake level fluctuation exerts great impact on the formation and distribution of the sediments, and the evolution of the river channel. Combined with plane and profile analysis, the multi-period superposition of sedimentary body was found. The results show that the lake level controls the advance and retreat of the sedimentary body and its sedimentary characteristics, and the hydrodynamic numerical simulation method can better reveal the evolution process of the shallow water delta in the case of lake levelfluctuation.
Lake level fluctuation has an important influence on the development of delta sediments. However, previous studies have not included any quantitative analysis of the formation process. In this paper, the hydrodynamic numerical simulation method is used to simulate the formation process of the shallow water delta in the case of lake level fluctuation and to analyze its evolution law. According to the hydrodynamic characteristics of modern river delta, the hydrodynamic and sedimentary conditions were designed. Two sedementation processes of lake level fluctuation were simulated by Delft3D. The simulation analysis show that lake level fluctuation exerts great impact on the formation and distribution of the sediments, and the evolution of the river channel. Combined with plane and profile analysis, the multi-period superposition of sedimentary body was found. The results show that the lake level controls the advance and retreat of the sedimentary body and its sedimentary characteristics, and the hydrodynamic numerical simulation method can better reveal the evolution process of the shallow water delta in the case of lake levelfluctuation.
2017, 42(11): 1936-1954.
doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.123
Abstract:
In order to clarify the sediment supply and sedimentary filling evolution, seismic attributes and seismic facies, the sediment supply and infilling evolution are studied by analyzing the changes in sedimentary environment, morphology, the shape and chronology of the detrital zircons, and the characteristics of sand-bodies, based on the main measuring method of the paleogeomorphology, paleontology, LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb dating. The results indicate that the sediment supply and sedimentary filling have greatly changed during different sequences of the Enping Formation. During the SQ1 and SQ2 of the Enping Formation, the sedimentary environment was characterized by lacustrine rift basins with relatively small sedimentary-range. The sediments around the paleo-uplift were composed of Mesozoic igneous rocks and interpreted to have sourced via relatively short-distance transportation. The southern steep slope zone mainly developed a series of medium-small scale proximal fan deltas. The northern slope zone mainly formed a series of braided deltas with typical channel-filling and beach-bar sand-bodies, and the sediments were mainly derived from the Panyu lower uplift and Dongsha uplift. During the SQ3 of the Enping Formation, the sedimentary environment was characterized by semi-closed bay with relatively large sedimentary-range.The sediments mainly derived from the South China Folded Belt which were composed of Precambrian-Paleozoic metamorphic rocks. The activity of the syn-depositional faults in the southern steep slope zone gradually weakened and mainly formed a series of small scale proximal fan deltas with the sediments provided by the southern uplift. The northern slope zone was interpreted to havesourced via relatively long-distance transportation and deposited along the northwest-southeast-trending, forming three stages large-scale prograding braided deltas.
In order to clarify the sediment supply and sedimentary filling evolution, seismic attributes and seismic facies, the sediment supply and infilling evolution are studied by analyzing the changes in sedimentary environment, morphology, the shape and chronology of the detrital zircons, and the characteristics of sand-bodies, based on the main measuring method of the paleogeomorphology, paleontology, LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb dating. The results indicate that the sediment supply and sedimentary filling have greatly changed during different sequences of the Enping Formation. During the SQ1 and SQ2 of the Enping Formation, the sedimentary environment was characterized by lacustrine rift basins with relatively small sedimentary-range. The sediments around the paleo-uplift were composed of Mesozoic igneous rocks and interpreted to have sourced via relatively short-distance transportation. The southern steep slope zone mainly developed a series of medium-small scale proximal fan deltas. The northern slope zone mainly formed a series of braided deltas with typical channel-filling and beach-bar sand-bodies, and the sediments were mainly derived from the Panyu lower uplift and Dongsha uplift. During the SQ3 of the Enping Formation, the sedimentary environment was characterized by semi-closed bay with relatively large sedimentary-range.The sediments mainly derived from the South China Folded Belt which were composed of Precambrian-Paleozoic metamorphic rocks. The activity of the syn-depositional faults in the southern steep slope zone gradually weakened and mainly formed a series of small scale proximal fan deltas with the sediments provided by the southern uplift. The northern slope zone was interpreted to havesourced via relatively long-distance transportation and deposited along the northwest-southeast-trending, forming three stages large-scale prograding braided deltas.
2017, 42(11): 1955-1971.
doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.124
Abstract:
The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between sediment provenance combination and sedimentary system of the Member 1 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation, Lixian county slope, Raoyang depression. According to the characteristics of sedimentary gentle slope in Raoyang sag, the distribution of the source systems and "Source-to-Sink" configuration of the Member 1 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation are discussed, based on the detrital zircon U-Pb dating and traditional method of provenance analysis in this study. According to the difference of paleo geomorphology and drilling distribution characteristics, the slope is divided into three areas, A, B and C, which correspond to three provenance systems respectively. More specifically, in terms of the northwest provenance system, the provenance is the Paleozoic igneous rocks from the Xing-Meng orogenic belt, carried by ancient Daqing river system from the northwest to the A district of theslope. As to the west provenance system, the provenance is the Mesozoicigneous rocks, the Meso-Neoproterozoicintrusive rocks, the Mesoproterozoic metamorphic rocks in Laiyuan district, carried by the ancient Tanghe river system from west to the B district of the slope. In the case of the southwest provenance system, the provenance is the Paleoproterozoic metamorphic rocks, carried by the ancient Dasha river system from the southwest to the C district of the slope. There is a positive correlation between detrital zircon content and drainage area.
The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between sediment provenance combination and sedimentary system of the Member 1 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation, Lixian county slope, Raoyang depression. According to the characteristics of sedimentary gentle slope in Raoyang sag, the distribution of the source systems and "Source-to-Sink" configuration of the Member 1 of Paleogene Shahejie Formation are discussed, based on the detrital zircon U-Pb dating and traditional method of provenance analysis in this study. According to the difference of paleo geomorphology and drilling distribution characteristics, the slope is divided into three areas, A, B and C, which correspond to three provenance systems respectively. More specifically, in terms of the northwest provenance system, the provenance is the Paleozoic igneous rocks from the Xing-Meng orogenic belt, carried by ancient Daqing river system from the northwest to the A district of theslope. As to the west provenance system, the provenance is the Mesozoicigneous rocks, the Meso-Neoproterozoicintrusive rocks, the Mesoproterozoic metamorphic rocks in Laiyuan district, carried by the ancient Tanghe river system from west to the B district of the slope. In the case of the southwest provenance system, the provenance is the Paleoproterozoic metamorphic rocks, carried by the ancient Dasha river system from the southwest to the C district of the slope. There is a positive correlation between detrital zircon content and drainage area.
2017, 42(11): 1972-1983.
doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.125
Abstract:
The turbidite lobe complex sandbodies of the Niger Delta front are major oil and gas exploration targets in the deep-water area of the West Africa. But the study of the sedimentary architecture and fluid system is still insufficient. Based on the seismic facies, seismic attributes, core data and drilling reservoir correlation analysis, the characteristics of the sedimentary architecture and geological characteristics of the reservoirs in the study area were comprehensively studied. Besides, the fluid system of the lobe complex sandbodies is also discussed according to the MDT (mouldar formation dynamics tester) and DST (drill stem testing) data. In seismic profiles, the lobe complex sandbodies always with moderate amplitude characteristics and multiple stages can be seen upward. The sandbodies display migration in both lateral and along the paleocurrent direction and present meandering strip on the plane. The log facies of the complex sandbodies mainly correspond to bell shaped-box type, and always with a mutation contact with surrounding mudstone. Each lobe is composed of main lobe and side lobe, and the gravity flow channel is widely developed. The massive sandstone is a high quality reservoir in the oilfield, and the distribution area of the sandbodies is relatively on large scale. The sandbodies developed several sets of fluid system and the lobe reservoir was controlled by mudstone thickness partition, which may have favorable conditions to form a simple and unified pressure system with sufficient water energy. Thus, the sedimentary architecture of the complex sandbodies in the K oilfield is clear, and it has a unified fluid system, which can be used as a typical example of the petroleum exploration in the deep water area and mud-rich setting.
The turbidite lobe complex sandbodies of the Niger Delta front are major oil and gas exploration targets in the deep-water area of the West Africa. But the study of the sedimentary architecture and fluid system is still insufficient. Based on the seismic facies, seismic attributes, core data and drilling reservoir correlation analysis, the characteristics of the sedimentary architecture and geological characteristics of the reservoirs in the study area were comprehensively studied. Besides, the fluid system of the lobe complex sandbodies is also discussed according to the MDT (mouldar formation dynamics tester) and DST (drill stem testing) data. In seismic profiles, the lobe complex sandbodies always with moderate amplitude characteristics and multiple stages can be seen upward. The sandbodies display migration in both lateral and along the paleocurrent direction and present meandering strip on the plane. The log facies of the complex sandbodies mainly correspond to bell shaped-box type, and always with a mutation contact with surrounding mudstone. Each lobe is composed of main lobe and side lobe, and the gravity flow channel is widely developed. The massive sandstone is a high quality reservoir in the oilfield, and the distribution area of the sandbodies is relatively on large scale. The sandbodies developed several sets of fluid system and the lobe reservoir was controlled by mudstone thickness partition, which may have favorable conditions to form a simple and unified pressure system with sufficient water energy. Thus, the sedimentary architecture of the complex sandbodies in the K oilfield is clear, and it has a unified fluid system, which can be used as a typical example of the petroleum exploration in the deep water area and mud-rich setting.
2017, 42(11): 1984-1993.
doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.126
Abstract:
To trace sedimentary Source-to-Sink systems of the southwestern Shijiutuo uplift, Bohai bay basin, 6 sandstone cuttings from 3 fan deltas of the third member of Dongying Formation (Ed3), along the southwestern slope of Shijiutuo uplift, were systematically sampled for detrital zircon U-Pb dating analysis in this study. It is found that sediments of the western fan delta (C6-4-4) were characterized with abundant Cretaceous zircons and a notable peak at 110 Ma, controlled by volcanic rocks of Cretaceous Yixian Formation. The sediments of the middle fan delta (C6-4-3, C6-4-6D) and the eastern fan delta (C6-4-5D) were characterized by high percentage of Jurassic zircons and a 152 Ma or 168 Ma peak, dominated by volcanic rocks of Jurassic Lanqi Formation, while their Paleozoic zircons derived from the Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. Moreover, all the samples received Archean-Proterozoic zircons from the exposed basement. This study shows that all the source strata can be traced by detrital zircon U-Pb dating except for the Paleozoic carbonate. The diversity of the provenances of the fan deltas was controlled by the inclination of the source strata:as the Mesozoic strata inclined to northwest, the Cretaceous strata dominated the western fan delta while the Jurassic strata controlled the middle and eastern fan deltas.
To trace sedimentary Source-to-Sink systems of the southwestern Shijiutuo uplift, Bohai bay basin, 6 sandstone cuttings from 3 fan deltas of the third member of Dongying Formation (Ed3), along the southwestern slope of Shijiutuo uplift, were systematically sampled for detrital zircon U-Pb dating analysis in this study. It is found that sediments of the western fan delta (C6-4-4) were characterized with abundant Cretaceous zircons and a notable peak at 110 Ma, controlled by volcanic rocks of Cretaceous Yixian Formation. The sediments of the middle fan delta (C6-4-3, C6-4-6D) and the eastern fan delta (C6-4-5D) were characterized by high percentage of Jurassic zircons and a 152 Ma or 168 Ma peak, dominated by volcanic rocks of Jurassic Lanqi Formation, while their Paleozoic zircons derived from the Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. Moreover, all the samples received Archean-Proterozoic zircons from the exposed basement. This study shows that all the source strata can be traced by detrital zircon U-Pb dating except for the Paleozoic carbonate. The diversity of the provenances of the fan deltas was controlled by the inclination of the source strata:as the Mesozoic strata inclined to northwest, the Cretaceous strata dominated the western fan delta while the Jurassic strata controlled the middle and eastern fan deltas.
2017, 42(11): 1994-2009.
doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.127
Abstract:
The Shaleitian uplift and its surrounding areas in the Bohai bay basin constitute a typical Source-to-Sink (S2S) system in terrestrial rift basin. Based on the data of drilling, seismic, core, and reservoir analysis, this paper illustrates element characteristics of S2S systems in the Shaleitian uplift and its surrounding areas. The S2S systems are classified into four types, namely, faulted-steep-slope, faulted-gentle-slope, gentle-slope, and faulted-trough. Different S2S systems controlled various depositional systems, and subsequently influenced their reservoir diagenesis and properties. Research results indicate that reservoir development in sags around the Shaleitian uplift was influenced both by element coupling of the S2S systems and diagenesis. The faulted-gentle-slope was characterized by high elevation of source rocks and catchment area, which developed large scale of depositional systems and sandbodies along the fault break zones. The sandstone in this kind of S2S systems was high quality reservoirs with high maturity of component and texture, shallow buried depth, weak mechanical compaction, and abundant secondary porosity. However, other S2S systems including faulted-steep-slope, gentle-slope, and faulted-trough developed less high quality reservoirs.
The Shaleitian uplift and its surrounding areas in the Bohai bay basin constitute a typical Source-to-Sink (S2S) system in terrestrial rift basin. Based on the data of drilling, seismic, core, and reservoir analysis, this paper illustrates element characteristics of S2S systems in the Shaleitian uplift and its surrounding areas. The S2S systems are classified into four types, namely, faulted-steep-slope, faulted-gentle-slope, gentle-slope, and faulted-trough. Different S2S systems controlled various depositional systems, and subsequently influenced their reservoir diagenesis and properties. Research results indicate that reservoir development in sags around the Shaleitian uplift was influenced both by element coupling of the S2S systems and diagenesis. The faulted-gentle-slope was characterized by high elevation of source rocks and catchment area, which developed large scale of depositional systems and sandbodies along the fault break zones. The sandstone in this kind of S2S systems was high quality reservoirs with high maturity of component and texture, shallow buried depth, weak mechanical compaction, and abundant secondary porosity. However, other S2S systems including faulted-steep-slope, gentle-slope, and faulted-trough developed less high quality reservoirs.
2017, 42(11): 2010-2024.
doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2017.128
Abstract:
Studies of the modern Source-to-Sink system in Lake Basin can provide a basis for studying their ancient counter parts. In this paper, we analyzed characteristics of modern Source-to-Sink systems in the Lake Erhai basin and identified three subsystems in the western (S2S-W), eastern (S2S-E) and northern (S2S-N) shores of the Lake Erhai basin, respectively. In S2S-E, the bedrocks in source area are primarily carbonate rocks and the number and scale of sedimentary bodies in sink area is small ( < 10 km2); in S2S-W, the bedrocks in source area consist of metamorphic rock sand a few granitic and carbonate rocks, and large scale (> 40 km2) sedimentary bodies in sink area easily developed, feature in gextensive and concatenated distribution; in S2S-N(axial source), bedrocks are composed mainly of clastic rocks and the scale of sedimentary bodies in sink area are large. Studies of modern Source-to-Sink system in Lake basin suggest that there are many Source-to-Sink systems in the same basin (sag) and in which significant distinctions between the watershed area, sedimentary body area and sedimentation response exist because of controlling factors such as bedrock type, tectonic activity, paleomorphology, basin boundaries, and transport channel, among others, which implies that more attention should be paid to the distinguishing characteristics of Source-to-Sink systems in further study of ancient Source-to-Sink systems.
Studies of the modern Source-to-Sink system in Lake Basin can provide a basis for studying their ancient counter parts. In this paper, we analyzed characteristics of modern Source-to-Sink systems in the Lake Erhai basin and identified three subsystems in the western (S2S-W), eastern (S2S-E) and northern (S2S-N) shores of the Lake Erhai basin, respectively. In S2S-E, the bedrocks in source area are primarily carbonate rocks and the number and scale of sedimentary bodies in sink area is small ( < 10 km2); in S2S-W, the bedrocks in source area consist of metamorphic rock sand a few granitic and carbonate rocks, and large scale (> 40 km2) sedimentary bodies in sink area easily developed, feature in gextensive and concatenated distribution; in S2S-N(axial source), bedrocks are composed mainly of clastic rocks and the scale of sedimentary bodies in sink area are large. Studies of modern Source-to-Sink system in Lake basin suggest that there are many Source-to-Sink systems in the same basin (sag) and in which significant distinctions between the watershed area, sedimentary body area and sedimentation response exist because of controlling factors such as bedrock type, tectonic activity, paleomorphology, basin boundaries, and transport channel, among others, which implies that more attention should be paid to the distinguishing characteristics of Source-to-Sink systems in further study of ancient Source-to-Sink systems.
