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| Citation: | Liu Shijie, Lan Hengxing, Bao Han, Peng Jianbing, 2022. Classification System of Typical Engineering Geological Deformation and Failure Modes in Grottoes. Earth Science, 47(12): 4710-4723. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2022.024
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Sandstone grottoes are valuable stone cultural relics. However, due to its complex occurrence environment, long-term weathering and the human activities, a variety of deformation and failure phenomena have been produced. Detailed classification system and precise characterization are required for the diagnosis, interpretation, classification and prediction of the deformation and failure of stone cultural relics. However, there is no comprehensive classification method to describe types of deformation and failure of rock in grottoes. In this paper it investigates the engineering geological conditions and failure characteristics of grottoes in northern and southern China. Based on the engineering geological theory, the deformation and failure types of grotto are divided into engineering geological genetic types and engineering geomechanics types. According to the specific damage phenomena, a comprehensive classification method is established, including 2 classes, 6 subclasses and 24 kinds of damage phenomena. Different phenomena and mechanism in south and north grottoes are compared. North grottoes have more damage caused by unloading relaxation. But the failure in south grottoes is mainly resulted from changing micro-environment. As for changing micro-environment, fishing-net-shaped denudation is dominant in north grottoes while scaly-shaped exfoliation is prominent in south grottoes.
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