豫西济源盆地中三叠世-中侏罗世碎屑锆石年代学及其对秦岭造山带造山过程的启示

杨文涛; 杨江海; 汪校锋; 杜远生

doi:10.3799/dqkx.2012.055

Volume 37 Issue 3

May 2012

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Earth Science > 2012 > 37(3): 489-500

YANG Wen-tao, YANG Jiang-hai, WANG Xiao-feng, DU Yuan-sheng, 2012. Geochronology from Middle Triassic to Middle Jurassic Detrital Zircons in Jiyuan Basin and Its Implications for the Qinling Orogen. Earth Science, 37(3): 489-500. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2012.055

Citation:

YANG Wen-tao, YANG Jiang-hai, WANG Xiao-feng, DU Yuan-sheng, 2012. Geochronology from Middle Triassic to Middle Jurassic Detrital Zircons in Jiyuan Basin and Its Implications for the Qinling Orogen. Earth Science, 37(3): 489-500. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2012.055

Citation:

YANG Wen-tao, YANG Jiang-hai, WANG Xiao-feng, DU Yuan-sheng, 2012. Geochronology from Middle Triassic to Middle Jurassic Detrital Zircons in Jiyuan Basin and Its Implications for the Qinling Orogen. Earth Science, 37(3): 489-500. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2012.055

PDF( 1659 KB)

Geochronology from Middle Triassic to Middle Jurassic Detrital Zircons in Jiyuan Basin and Its Implications for the Qinling Orogen

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2012.055

State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China

Received Date: 2011-05-10
Available Online: 2021-11-09
Publish Date: 2012-05-01

Abstract

Abstract

Jiyuan basin is located in the north of Qinling orogen and regarded as a Triassic-Jurassic synorogenic basin. This paper presents a great number of detrital zircon U-Pb ages for synorogenic sediments in age ranging from the Middle Triassic to Middle Jurassic in the Jiyuan basin. The results show seven major age groups at 2.9-1.7 Ga, 1.6-1.0 Ga, 1.0-0.8 Ga, 800-650 Ma, 520-380 Ma, 350-245 Ma and ~220 Ma. It is obvious that age group of 2.9-1.7 Ga is directly derived from the Precambrian basement of North China Craton whereas other groups are typical characteristics of the Qinling orogenic belt. An important observation is that the Qinling-sourced detrital zircons become older from the Middle Triassic to the Early Jurassic sedimentary sequences, which is characterized by the main age clusters at 350-245 Ma occurring in the T₂-T₃¹ strata while age groups at 1.6-1.0 Ga, 1.0-0.8 Ga, 800-650 Ma and 520-380 Ma increase successively in the T₃²-J₂¹ samples. In addition, little grains of age groups at 1.6-1.0 Ga, 520-380 Ma and ~220 Ma are presented in the J₂² sample. The above-mentioned findings indicate that unroofing pattern of Qinling orogenic belt developed by the denudation of sendiments from young covers to old basements in order, then to the Carnian plutons. Integrated with the data reported from Hefei and Huangshi basins, it is well established that the intensity of unroofing increased from the west to the east in the Early Jurassic, and the denudation timing of the ultra high pressure (UHP)-high pressure (HP) rocks or Carnian plutons changed successively from the Early Jurassic in the east to the Middle Jurassic in the west.
- Jiyuan basin,
- Qinling orogenic belt,
- detrital zircon,
- provenance,
- unroofing pattern,
- geochronology,
- sedimentology

FullText(HTML)

References(69)

References

Bruguier, O., Lancelot, J.R., Malavieille, J., 1997. U-Pb dating on single detrital zircon grains from the Triassic Songpan-Ganze flych (Central China): provenance and tectonic correlations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 152: 217-231. doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00138-6

Buatois, L.A., Mangano, M.G., Wu, X.T., et al., 1996. Trace fossils from Jurassic lacustrine turbidites of the anyao formation (Central China) and their environmental and evolutionary significance. Ichnos, 4(4): 287-303. doi: 10.1080/10420949609380137

Chen, Z.H., Lu, S.N., Li, H.K., et al., 2006a. Constraining the role of the Qinling orogen in the assembly and break-up of Rodinia: tectonic implications for Neoproterozoic granite occurrences. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 28: 99-115. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.03.011

Chen, Q., Chen, N.S., Wang, Q.Y., et al., 2006b. Electron microprobe chemical ages of monazite from Qinling group in the Qinling orogen: evidence for Late Pan-African metamorphism? Chinese Science Bulletin, 51(21): 2645-2650. doi: 10.1007/s11434-006-2152-7

Corfu, F., Hanchar, J.M., Hoskin, P.W.O., et al., 2003. Altas of zircon textures. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. , 53(1): 469-500. doi: 10.2113/0530469

Darby, B.J., Gehrels, G., 2006. Detrital zircon reference for the North China block. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 26: 637-648. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.12.005

Enkelmann, E., Weislogel, A., Ratschbacher, L., et al., 2007. How was the Triassic Songpan-Ganzi basin filled? A provenance study. Tectonics, 26. doi: 10.1029/2006TC002078

Feng, Z.J., Zhou, Q., Wang, J., et al., 1997. The changes of Mesocenozoic paleogeographic environments in the southwest of Henan. Henan Geology, 15(4): 270-277 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HNDD704.003.htm

Jiang, Y.H., Jin, G.D., Liao, S.Y., et al., 2010. Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic constraints on the origin of Late Triassic granitoids from the Qinling orogen, central China: implications for a continental arc to continent-continent collision. Lithos, 117: 183-197. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2010.02.014

Kröner, A., Wilde, S.A., Zhao, G.C., et al., 2006. Zircon geochronology and metamorphic evolution of mafic dykes in the Hengshan complex of northern China: evidence for Late Palaeoproterozoic extension and subsequent high-pressure metamorphism in the North China craton. Precambrian Research, 146: 45-67. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2006.01.008

Li, R.W., Wan, Y.S., Cheng, Z.Y., et al., 2005. Provenance of Jurassic sediments in the Hefei basin, East-Central China and the contribution of high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks from the Dabie Shan. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 231: 279-294. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.12.021

Li, T.S., Zhai, M.G., Peng, P., et al., 2010. Ca. 2.5 billion year old coeval ultramafic-mafic and syenitic dykes in eastern Hebei: implications for cratonization of the North China craton. Precambrian Research, 180: 143-155. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2010.04.001

Ling, W.L., Duan, R.C., Liu, X.M., et al., 2010. U-Pb dating of detrital zircons from the Wudangshan Group in the South Qinling and its geological significance. Chinese Sci. Bull. , 55(22): 2440-2448. doi: 10.1007/s11434-010-0095-5

Ling, W.L., Ren, B.F., Duan, R.C., et al., 2008. Timing of the Wudangshan, Yaolinghe volcanic sequences and mafic sills in South Qinling: U-Pb zircon geochronology and tectonic implication. Chinese Sci. Bull. , 53(14): 2192-2199. doi: 10.1007/s11434-008-0269-6

Liu, J.F., Sun, Y., Sun, W.D., 2009. LA-ICP-MS zircon dating from the Lajimiao mafic complex in the Qinling orogen belt. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 25(2): 320-330 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/236348057_LA-ICP-MS_zircon_dating_from_the_Lajimiao_mafic_complex_in_the_Qinling_orogenic_belt

Liu, J.F., Sun, Y., Zhang, H., 2007. Zircon age of Luohansi group in the northern Qinling and their geological significance. Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition), 37(6): 907-911 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/284482042_Zircon_age_of_Luohansi_Group_in_the_northern_Qinling_and_their_geological_significance

Liu, S.F., Zhang, G.W., 2008. Evolution and geodynamics of basin/mountain systems in East Qinling-Dabieshan and its adjacent regions, China. Geological Bulletin of China, 27(12): 1943-1960 (in Chinese with English abstract).

Liu, S.F., Zhang, G.W., Ritts, B.D., et al., 2010. Tracing exhumation of the Dabie Shan ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic complex using the sedimentary record in the Hefei basin, China. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 122(1/2): 198-218. doi: 10.1130/B26524.1

Liu, Y.S., Hu, Z.C., Gao, S., et al., 2008. In situ analysis of major and trace elements of anhydrous minerals by LA-ICP-MS without applying an internal standard. Chem. Geol. , 257: 34-43. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.08.004

Long, X.P., Sun, M., Yuan, C., et al., 2007. Detrital zircon age and Hf isotopic studies for metasedimentary rocks from the Chinese Altai: implications for the Early Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic belt. Tectonics, 26. doi: 10.1029/2007TC002128

Lu, S.N., Zhao, G.C., Wang, H.C., et al., 2008. Precambrian metamorphic basement and sedimentary cover of the North China craton: a review. Precambrian Research, 160: 77-93. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.017

Ludwig, K.R., 2003. User's manual for isoplot 3.0: a geochronological toolkit for microsoft excel. Berkeley Geochronology Center. Special Publication, 4: 1-71.

Mángano, M.G., Buatois, L.A., Wu, X.T., et al., 1994. Sedimentary facies, depositional processes and climatic controls in a Triassic lake, Tanzhuang Formation, western Henan Province, China. Journal of Paleolimnology, 11: 41-65. doi: 10.1007/BF00683270

Meng, Q.R., Zhang, G.W., 2000. Geologic framework and tectonic evolution of the Qinling orogen, Central China. Tectonophysics, 323: 183-196. doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00106-2

Morton, A., Fanning, M., Milner, P., 2008. Provenance characteristics of Scandinavian basement terrains: constraints from detrital zircon ages in modern river sediments. Sedimentary Geology, 210: 61-85. doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2008.07.001

Qi, Y.A., Hu, B., Zhang, G.C., et al., 2007. Ichnofabrics and their environmental interpretation from middle Triassic Youfangzhuang Formation, Jiyuan region, western Henan Province. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 25(3): 372-379 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/292754470_Ichnofabrics_and_their_environmental_interpretation_from_middle_Triassic_Youfangzhuang_Formation_Jiyuan_region_western_Henan_Province

Qin, J.F., Lai, S.C., Grapes, R., et al., 2010. Origin of Late Triassic high-Mg adakitic granitoid rocks from the Dongjiangkou area, Qinling orogen, Central China: implications for subduction of continental crust. Lithos, 120: 347-367. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2010.08.022

Ratschbacher, L., Hacker, B.R., Calvert, A., et al., 2003. Tectonics of the Qinling (Central China): tectonostratigraphy, geochronology, and deformation history. Tectonophysics, 366: 1-53. doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00053-2

Sun, W.D., Li, S.G., Sun, Y., et al., 2002. Mid-paleozoic collision in the north Qinling: Sm-Nd, Rb-Sr and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages and their tectonic implications. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 21: 69-76. doi: 10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00010-X

Wan, Y.S., Wilde, S.A., Liu, D.Y., et al., 2006a. Further evidence for 1.85 Ga metamorphism in the Central Zone of the North China craton: SHRIMP U-Pb dating of zircon from metamorphic rocks in the Lushan area, Henan Province. Gondwana Research, 9: 189-197. doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2005.06.010

Wan, Y.S., Song, B., Liu, D.Y., et al., 2006b. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology of Palaeoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks in the North China craton: evidence for a major Late Palaeoproterozoic tectonothermal event. Precambrian Research, 149: 249-271. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2006.06.006

Wang, T., Zhang, Z.Q., Wang, X.X., et al., 2005. Neoproterozoic collisional deformation in the core of the Qinling orogen and its age: constrained by zircon SHRIMP dating of strongly deformed syn-collisional granites and weakly deformed granitic veins. Acta Geologica Sinica, 79(2): 220-231 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DZXE200502010.htm

Wang, Y.J., Zhao, G.C., Xia, X.P., et al., 2009. Early Mesozoic unroofing pattern of the Dabie Mountains (China): constraints from the U-Pb detrital zircon geochronology and Si-in-white mica analysis of synorogenic sediments in the Jianghan basin. Chemical Geology, 266: 231-241. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.06.012

Weislogel, A.L., Graham, S.A., Chang, E.Z., et al., 2006. Detrital zircon provenance of the Late Triassic Songpan-Ganzi complex: sedimentary record of collision of the North and South China blocks. Geological Society of America, 34(2): 97-100. doi: 10.1130/G21929

Wu, Z.P., Hou, X.B., Li, W., 2007. Discussion on Mesozoic basin patterns and evolution in the eastern North China block. Geotectonica et Metallogenia, 31(4): 385-399 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-DGYK200704002.htm

Xia, X.P., Sun, M., Zhao, G.C., et al., 2006a. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology of detrital zircons from the Jining complex, North China craton and its tectonic significance. Precambrian Research, 144: 199-212. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2005.11.004

Xia, X.P., Sun, M., Zhao, G.C., et al., 2006b. U-Pb and Hf isotopic study of detrital zircons from the Wulashan khondalites: constraints on the evolution of the Ordos terrane, western block of the North China craton. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 241: 581-593. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.11.024

Xu, J.F., Zhang, B.R., Han, Y.W., 2008. Geochemistry of the Mian-Lue ophiolites in the Qinling Mountains, Central China: constraints on the evolution of the Qinling orogenic belt and collision of the North and South China cratons. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 32: 336-347. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2007.11.004

Xu, Y.J., Du, Y.S., Cawood, P.A., et al., 2010. Detrital zircon record of continental collision: assembly of the Qilian orogen, China. Sedimentary Geology, 230: 35-45. doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.06.020

Yan, Q.R., Chen, J.L., Wang, Z.Q., et al., 2008a. Zircon U-Pb and geochemical analyses for leucocratic intrusive rocks in pillow lavas in the Danfeng group, North Qinling Mountains, China. Science in China (Ser. D): Earth Sciences, 51(2): 249-262. doi: 10.1007/s11430-007-0144-3

Yan, Q.R., Wang, Z.Q., Yan, Z., et al., 2008b. Origin, age and tectonic implications of metamafic rocks in the Kuanping Group of the Qinling orogenic belt, China. Geological Bulletin of China, 27(9): 1475-1492 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/279667691_Origin_age_and_tectonic_implications_of_metamafic_rocks_in_the_Kuanping_Group_of_the_Qinling_orogenic_belt_China

Yan, Z., Wang, Z.Q., Chen, J.L., et al., 2009. Geochemistry and SHRIMP zircon U-Pb dating of amphibolites from the Danfeng Group in the Wuguan area, North Qinling terrane and their tectonic significance. Acta Geologica Sinica, 83(11): 1633-1646 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.zhangqiaokeyan.com/academic-journal-cn_acta-geologica-sinica_thesis/0201252708051.html

Yang, J.H., Du, Y.S., Cawood, P.A., et al., 2009. Silurian collisional suturing onto the southern margin of the North China craton: detrital zircon geochronology constraints from the Qilian orogen. Sedimentary Geology, 220: 95-104. doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.07.001

Yang, J.H., Cawood, P.A., Du, Y.S., 2010. Detrital record of mountain building: provenance of Jurassic foreland basin to the Dabie Mountains. Tectonics, 29: TC4011. doi: 10.1029/2009TC002600

Yang, J.S., Liu, F.L., Wu, C.L., et al., 2003. Two ultrahigh pressure metamorphic events recognized in the central orogenic belt of China: evidence from the U-Pb dating of coesite-bearing zircons. Acta Geologica Sinica, 77(4): 463-477 (in Chinese with English abstract).

Yin, C.Q., Zhao, G.C., Sun, M., et al., 2009. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon ages of the Qianlishan complex: constrains on the evolution of the Khondalite belt in the western block of the North China craton. Precambrian Research, 174: 78-94. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2009.06.008

Zhang, G.C., Zeng, Y.F., Buatois, L.A., et al., 2005. Lacustrine deposits and associated trace fossils in the upper part of the Tanzhuang Formation (T_2-3), Jiyuan basin, Henan Province. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 23(1): 100-107 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://www.researchgate.net/publication/292759763_Lacustrine_deposits_and_associated_trace_fossils_in_the_upper_part_of_the_Tanzhuang_Formation_T2-3_Jiyuan_basin_Henan_Province

Zhang, H.F., Zhao, Z.D., Luo, T.C., et al., 1995. Crustal growth and lower crust nature of North Qinling: study of Sm-Nd isotopic model ages. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 11(2): 160-170 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB199502005.htm

Zhang, Z.Q., Liu, D.Y., Fu, G.M., 1994. Isotopic geochronology of metamorphic strata in North Qinling, China. Geological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese).

Zhao, G.C., Wilde, S.A., Sun, M., et al., 2008. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages of granitoid rocks in the Lüliang Complex: implications for the accretion and evolution of the Trans-North China orogen. Precambrian Research, 160: 213-226. doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2007.07.004

Zhen, J.P., Griffin, W.L., O'Reilly, S.Y., et al., 2006. Zircons in mantle xenoliths record the Triassic Yangtze-North China continental collision. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 247: 130-142. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.05.011

Zong, K.Q., Liu, Y.S., Gao, C.G., et al., 2010. In situ U-Pb dating and trace element analysis of zircons in thin sections of eclogite: refining constraints on the ultra-high pressure metamorphism of the Sulu terrane, China. Chemical Geology, 269: 237-251. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.09.021

陈强, 陈能松, 王勤燕, 等, 2006b. 秦岭造山带秦岭岩群独居石电子探针化学年龄: 晚泛非期变质证据?科学通报, 51(21): 2645-2650. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KXTB200621009.htm

冯祖杰, 周旗, 王军, 等, 1997. 豫西南中新生代古地理环境变迁. 河南地质, 15(4): 270-277. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HNDD704.003.htm

凌文黎, 段瑞春, 柳小明, 等, 2010. 南秦岭武当山群碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学及其地质意义. 科学通报, 55(12): 1153-1161. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KXTB201012012.htm

凌文黎, 任邦方, 段瑞春, 等, 2007. 南秦岭武当山群、耀岭河群及基性侵入岩群锆石U-Pb同位素年代学及地质意义. 科学通报, 52(12): 1445-1456. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.2007.12.015

刘军锋, 孙勇, 张红, 2007. 北秦岭罗汉寺岩群锆石年龄及地质意义. 西北大学学报(自然科学版), 37(6): 907-911. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBDZ200706007.htm

刘军锋, 孙勇, 孙卫东, 2009. 秦岭拉鸡庙镁铁质岩体锆石LA-ICP-MS年代学研究. 岩石学报, 25(2): 320-330. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YSXB200902007.htm

刘少峰, 张国伟, 2008. 东秦岭一大别山及邻区盆一山系统演化与动力学. 地质通报, 27(12): 1943-1960. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-2552.2008.12.001

齐永安, 胡斌, 张国成, 等, 2007. 豫西济源地区中三叠世油房庄组遗迹组构及其环境解释. 沉积学报, 25(3): 372-379. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0550.2007.03.007

王涛, 张宗清, 王晓霞, 等, 2005. 秦岭造山带核部新元古代碰撞变形及其时代: 强变形同碰撞花岗岩与弱变形脉体锆石SHRMP年龄限定. 地质学报, 79(2): 220-231. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5717.2005.02.008

吴智平, 侯旭波, 李伟, 2007. 华北东部地区中生代盆地格局及演化过程探讨. 大地构造与成矿学, 31(4): 385-399. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1552.2007.04.001

闫全人, 陈隽璐, 王宗起, 等, 2007. 北秦岭小王涧枕状熔岩中淡色侵入岩的地球化学特征、SHRIMP年龄及地质意义. 中国科学(D辑), 37(10): 1301-1313. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JDXK200710005.htm

闫全人, 王宗起, 闫臻, 等, 2008b. 秦岭造山带宽坪群中的变铁镁质岩的成因、时代及其构造意义. 地质通报, 27(9): 1475-1492. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZQYD200809012.htm

闫臻, 王宗起, 陈隽璐, 等, 2009. 北秦岭武关地区丹凤群斜长角闪岩地球化学特征、锆石SHRIMP测年及其构造意义. 地质学报, 83(11): 1633-1646. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5717.2009.11.008

杨经绥, 刘福来, 吴才来, 等, 2003. 中央碰撞造山带中两期超高压变质作用: 来自含柯石英锆石的定年证据. 地质学报, 77(4): 463-477. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0001-5717.2003.04.003

张国成, 曾玉凤, Buaatois, L.A., 等, 2005. 济源盆地谭庄组(T_2-3)上段湖泊沉积及遗迹化石特征. 沉积学报, 23(1): 100-107. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0550.2005.01.013

张宏飞, 赵志丹, 骆庭川, 等, 1995. 从岩石Sm-Nd同位素模式年龄论北秦岭地壳增生和地壳深部性质. 岩石学报, 11(2): 160-170. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0569.1995.02.008

张宗清, 刘敦一, 付国民, 1994. 北秦岭变质地层同位素年代学. 北京: 地质出版社.

Relative Articles

Supplements(0)

Cited By

Proportional views

Proportional views

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

Figures(9)

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Article views (698) PDF downloads(26)

Geochronology from Middle Triassic to Middle Jurassic Detrital Zircons in Jiyuan Basin and Its Implications for the Qinling Orogen

doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2012.055

Abstract

References

Proportional views

Catalog

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

Proportional views

Export File

Citation

Format

Content