• 中国出版政府奖提名奖

    中国百强科技报刊

    湖北出版政府奖

    中国高校百佳科技期刊

    中国最美期刊

    Volume 41 Issue 6
    Jun.  2016
    Turn off MathJax
    Article Contents
    Article Navigation >  Earth Science  > 2016  >  41(6): 901-918
    Song Haijun, Tong Jinnan, 2016. Mass Extinction and Survival during the Permian-Triassic Crisis. Earth Science, 41(6): 901-918. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2016.077
    Citation: Song Haijun, Tong Jinnan, 2016. Mass Extinction and Survival during the Permian-Triassic Crisis. Earth Science, 41(6): 901-918. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2016.077
    shu

    Mass Extinction and Survival during the Permian-Triassic Crisis

    doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2016.077

    • State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China

    • Received Date: 2016-05-03
    • Publish Date: 2016-06-15
      Abstract
    • Today we are facing a series of climatic problems such as elevation of PCO2, global warming, and ocean acidification, which may lead to the sixth mass extinction. The similar extreme climate has been happened repeatedly in the Earth history. Therefore, taking history as mirror will help us to better understand the nature of these problems and resolve them. The most severe extinction happened during the Permian-Triassic transition (252 Ma), eliminating over 90% species. In the past few decades, the process and cause about this extinction event have become the key scientific questions that need to be uncovered. Recent studies show the extreme climatic events we are facing now have been occurred near the Permian-Triassic boundary. The main purpose of this paper is to summarize recent studies on biotic and environmental events during the Permian-Triassic transition, including extinction process, pattern, and causes of the extinction, and survival mechanisms in its aftermath.

       

      • FullText(HTML)
    • loading
      • References(161)
    • Alvarez, L.W., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F., et al., 1980.Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction.Science, 208(4448):1095-1108.doi: 10.1126/science.208.4448.1095
      Angiolini, L., Carabelli, L., 2010.Upper Permian Brachiopods from the Nesen Formation, North Iran.Special Papers in Palaeontology, (84):41-90. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287563855_Upper_Permian_brachiopods_from_the_Nesen_formation_North_Iran
      Bambach, R.K., Knoll, A.H., Sepkoski, J.J., 2002.Anatomical and Ecological Constraints on Phanerozoic Animal Diversity in the Marine Realm.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(10):6854-6859.doi: 10.1073/pnas.092150999
      Barnosky, A.D., Matzke, N., Tomiya, S., et al., 2011.Has the Earth/'s Sixth Mass Extinction already Arrived?Nature, 471(7336):51-57.doi: 10.1038/nature09678
      Basu, A.R., Petaev, M.I., Poreda, R.J., et al., 2003.Chondritic Meteorite Fragments Associated with the Permian-Triassic Boundary in Antarctica.Science, 302(5649):1388-1392.doi: 10.1126/science.1090852
      Becker, L., Poreda, R.J., Hunt, A.G., et al., 2001.Impact Event at the Permian-Triassic Boundary:Evidence from Extraterrestrial Noble Gases in Fullerenes.Science, 291(5508):1530-1533.doi: 10.1126/science.1057243
      Becker, L., Poreda, R.J., Basu, A.R., et al., 2004.Bedout:A Possible End-Permian Impact Crater Offshore of Northwestern Australia.Science, 304(5676):1469-1476.doi: 10.1126/science.1093925
      Benton, M.J., Zhang, Q.Y., Hu, S.X., et al., 2013.Exceptional Vertebrate Biotas from the Triassic of China, and the Expansion of Marine Ecosystems after the Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction.Earth-Science Reviews, 125:199-243.doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.05.014
      Bond, D.P.G., Wignall, P.B., 2010.Pyrite Framboid Study of Marine Permian-Triassic Boundary Sections:A Complex Anoxic Event and Its Relationship to Contemporaneous Mass Extinction.Geological Society of America Bulletin, 122:1265-1279.doi: 10.1130/B30042.1
      Bond, D.P.G., Wignall, P.B., 2014.Large Igneous Provinces and Mass Extinctions:An Update.Geological Society of America Special Papers, 505:SPE505-502.doi: 10.1130/2014.2505(02)
      Bowring, S.A., Erwin, D.H., Jin, Y.G., et al., 1998.U/ Pb Zircon Geochronology and Tempo of the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Science, 280(5366):1039-1045.doi: 10.1126/science.280.5366.1039
      Brennecka, G.A., Herrmann, A.D., Algeo, T.J., et al., 2011.Rapid Expansion of Oceanic Anoxia Immediately before the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(43):17631-17634.doi: 10.1073/pnas.1106039108
      Burgess, S.D., Bowring, S., Shen, S.Z., 2014.High-Precision Timeline for Earth's most Severe Extinction.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(9):3316-3321.doi: 10.1073/pnas.1317692111
      Campbell, I.H., Czamanske, G.K., Fedorenko, V.A., et al., 1992.Synchronism of the Siberian Traps and the Permian-Triassic Boundary.Science, 258:1760-1763.doi: 10.1126/science.258.5089.1760
      Cao, C.Q., Love, G.D., Hays, L.E., et al., 2009.Biogeochemical Evidence for Euxinic Oceans and Ecological Disturbance Presaging the End-Permian Mass Extinction Event.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 281(3-4):188-201.doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.02.012
      Chen, J., Shen, S.Z., Li, X.H., et al., 2016.High-Resolution SIMS Oxygen Isotope Analysis on Conodont Apatite from South China and Implications for the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 448:26-38.doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.11.025
      Chen, J., Tong, J.N., Song, H.J., et al., 2015.Recovery Pattern of Brachiopods after the Permian-Triassic Crisis in South China.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 433:91-105.doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.05.020
      Chu, D.L., Tong, J.N., Song, H.J., et al., 2015.Lilliput Effect in Freshwater Ostracods during the Permian-Triassic Extinction.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 435:38-52.doi:doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.003
      Clarkson, M.O., Kasemann, S.A., Wood, R.A., et al., 2015.Ocean Acidification and the Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction.Science, 348(6231):229-232.doi: 10.1126/science.aaa0193
      Cuvier, G., 1812.Recherches sur les Ossements Fossiles Discours Préliminaire:Anatomie des Catastrophes.The National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires (in French).
      Dalrymple, G.B., Czamanske, G.K., Fedorenko, V.A., et al., 1995.A Reconnaissance 40Ar/39Ar Geochronologic Study of Ore-Bearing and Related Rocks, Siberian Russia.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(10):2071-2083.doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00127-1
      Erwin, D.H., 1994.The Permo-Triassic Extinction.Nature, 367(6460):231-236.doi: 10.1038/367231a0
      Fang, Z.J., 2003.Discussion on the Study of the Genera Claraia and Claraioides (Bivalvia) of Late Permian Age.Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 42(4):613-619 (in Chinese with English abstract).
      Farley, K.A., Mukhopadhyay, S., 2001.An Extraterrestrial Impact at the Permian-Triassic Boundary?Science, 293(5539):2343.doi: 10.1126/science.293.5539.2343a
      Forel, M.B., Crasquin, S., Chitnarin, A., et al., 2015.Precocious Sexual Dimorphism and the Lilliput Effect in Neo-Tethyan Ostracoda (Crustacea) through the Permian-Triassic Boundary.Palaeontology, 58(3):409-454.doi: 10.1111/pala.12151
      Fraiser, M.L., Twitchett, R.J., Bottjer, D.J., 2005.Unique Microgastropod Biofacies in the Early Triassic:Indicator of Long-Term Biotic Stress and the Pattern of Biotic Recovery after the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Comptes Rendus Palevol, 4(6-7):543-552.doi: 10.1016/j.crpv.2005.04.006
      Grasby, S., Beauchamp, B., Embry, A., et al., 2013.Recurrent Early Triassic Ocean Anoxia.Geology, 41(2):175-178.doi: 10.1130/G33599.1
      Grice, K., Cao, C., Love, G.D., et al., 2005.Photic Zone Euxinia during the Permian-Triassic Superanoxic Event.Science, 307(5710):706-709.doi: 10.1126/science.1104323
      Groves, J.R., Rettori, R., Payne, J.L., et al., 2007.End-Permian Mass Extinction of Lagenide Foraminifers in the Southern Alps (Northern Italy).Journal of Paleontology, 81(3):415-434.doi: 10.1666/05123.1
      Hallam, A., Wignall, P.B., 1997.Mass Extinctions and Their Aftermath.Oxford University Press, Oxford.
      Haq, B.U., Hardenbol, J., Vail, P.R., 1987.Chronology of Fluctuating Sea Levels since the Triassic.Science, 235(4793):1156-1167.doi: 10.1126/science.235.4793.1156
      Haq, B.U., Schutter, S.R., 2008.A Chronology of Paleozoic Sea-Level Changes.Science, 322(5898):64-68.doi: 10.1126/science.1161648
      Harries, P.J., Kauffman, E.G., Hansen, T.A., 1996.Models for Biotic Survival Following Mass Extinction.Geological Society Special Publication, 102(1):41-60. doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.001.01.03
      Hayami, I., 1998.Ecology of Mass Extinctions:The Diversity and Shell Size of Bivalves through Time.Iden, 52:38-44 (in Japanese). http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/120901_afterextinction
      Hayami, I., 1997.Size Changes of Bivalves and a Hypothesis about the Cause of Mass Extinction.Fossils, 62:24-36 (in Japanese).
      He, W.H., Shi, G.R., Twitchett, R.J., et al., 2015.Late Permian Marine Ecosystem Collapse Began in Deeper Waters:Evidence from Brachiopod Diversity and Body Size Changes.Geobiology, 13(2):123-138.doi: 10.1111/gbi.12119
      He, W.H., Feng, Q.L., Weldon, E.A., et al., 2007a.A Late Permian to Early Triassic Bivalve Fauna from the Dongpan Setion, Southern Guangxi, South China.Journal of Paleontology, 81(5):1009-1019.doi:?10.1666/pleo05-158
      He, W.H., Shi, G.R., Feng, Q.L., et al., 2007b.Brachiopod Miniaturization and Its Possible Causes during the Permian-Triassic Crisis in Deep Water Environments, South China.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 252(1-2):145-163.doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.040
      Heydari, E., Hassanzadeh, J., 2003.Deev Jahi Model of the Permian-Triassic Boundary Mass Extinction:A Case for Gas Hydrates as the Main Cause of Biological Crisis on Earth.Sedimentary Geology, 163(1-2):147-163.doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2003.08.002
      Hinojosa, J.L., Brown, S.T., Chen, J., et al., 2012.Evidence for End-Permian Ocean Acidification from Calcium Isotopes in Biogenic Apatite.Geology, 40(8):743-746.doi: 10.1130/G33048.1
      Hoegh-Guldberg, O., 1999.Climate Change, Coral Bleaching and the Future of the World's Coral Reefs.Marine and Freshwater Research, 50(8):839-866.doi: 10.1071/MF99078
      Huey, R.B., Ward, P.D., 2005.Hypoxia, Global Warming, and Terrestrial Late Permian Extinctions.Science, 308(5720):398-401.doi: 10.1126/science.1108019
      Huttenlocker, A.K., 2014.Body Size Reductions in Nonmammalian Eutheriodont Therapsids (Synapsida) during the End-Permian Mass Extinction.PloS One, 9(2):e87553.doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087553
      Huttenlocker, A.K., Botha-Brink, J., 2013.Body Size and Growth Patterns in the Therocephalian Moschorhinus Kitchingi (Therapsida:Eutheriodontia) before and after the End-Permian Extinction in South Africa.Paleobiology, 39(2):253-277.doi: 10.1666/12020
      Isozaki, Y., 1997.Permo-Triassic Boundary Superanoxia and Stratified Superocean:Records from Lost Deep Sea.Science, 276(5310):235-238.doi: 10.1126/science.276.5310.235
      Isozaki, Y., 2001.An Extraterrestrial Impact at the Permian-Triassic Boundary?Science, 293(5539):2343.doi: 10.1126/science.293.5539.2343a
      Jablonski, D., 1994.Extinctions in the Fossil Record.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B:Biological Sciences, 344(1307):11-17.doi: 10.1098/rstb.1994.0045
      Jiang, H.S., Lai, X.L., Sun, Y.D., et al., 2014.Permian-Triassic Conodonts from Dajiang (Guizhou, South China) and Their Implication for the Age of Microbialite Deposition in the Aftermath of the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Journal of Earth Science, 25(3):413-430.doi: 10.1007/s12583-014-0444-4
      Jin, Y.G., Wang, Y., Wang, W., et al., 2000.Pattern of Marine Mass Extinction near the Permian-Triassic Boundary in South China.Science, 289(5478):432-436.doi: 10.1126/science.289.5478.432
      Jin, Y.G., Zhang, J., Shang, Q., 1994.Two Phases of the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, 17:813-822. http://archives.datapages.com/data/cspg_sp/data/017/017001/813_cspgsp0170813.htm
      Joachimski, M.M., Lai, X., Shen, S., et al., 2012.Climate Warming in the Latest Permian and the Permian-Triassic Mass Extinction.Geology, 40(3):195-198.doi: 10.1130/G32707.1
      Kaiho, K., Kajiwara, Y., Nakano, T., et al., 2001.End-Permian Catastrophe by a Bolide Impact:Evidence of a Gigantic Release of Sulfur from the Mantle.Geology, 29(9):815-818.doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)
      Kamo, S.L., Czamanske, G.K., Amelin, Y., et al., 2003.Rapid Eruption of Siberian Flood-Volcanic Rocks and Evidence for Coincidence with the Permian-Triassic Boundary and Mass Extinction at 251 Ma.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 214(1):75-91.doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00347-9
      Kauffman, E.G., Erwin, D.H., 1995.Surviving Mass Extinctions.Geotimes, 14(3):14-17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284046016_Surviving_mass_extinctions
      Kershaw, S., Zhang, T.S., Lan, G.Z., 1999.A?Microbialite Carbonate Crust at the Permian-Triassic Boundary in South China, and Its Palaeoenvironmental Significance.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 146:1-18.doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00139-4
      Knoll, A.H., Bambach, R.K., Canfield, D.E., et al., 1996.Comparative Earth History and Late Permian Mass Extinction.Science, 273(5274):452-457.doi: 10.1126/science.273.5274.452
      Koeberl, C., Farley, K.A., Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B., et al., 2004.Geochemistry of the End-Permian Extinction Event in Austria and Italy:No Evidence for an Extraterrestrial Component.Geology, 32(12):1053-1056.doi: 10.1130/G20907.1
      Korte, C., Kozur, H.W., Joachimski, M.M., et al., 2004.Carbon, Sulfur, Oxygen and Strontium Isotope Records, Organic Geochemistry and Biostratigraphy Across the Permian/Triassic Boundary in Abadeh, Iran.International Journal of Earth Sciences, 93:565-581.doi: 10.1007/s00531-004-0406-7
      Korte, C., Pande, P., Kalia, P., et al., 2010.Massive Volcanism at the Permian-Triassic Boundary and Its Impact on the Isotopic Composition of the Ocean and Atmosphere.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 37(4):293-311.doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2009.08.012
      Kozur, H.W., Weems, R.E., 2011.Detailed Correlation and Age of Continental Late Changhsingian and Earliest Triassic Beds:Implications for the Role of the Siberian Trap in the Permian-Triassic Biotic Crisis.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 308(1-2):22-40.doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.02.020
      Kump, L.R., Pavlov, A., Arthur, M.A., 2005.Massive Release of Hydrogen Sulfide to the Surface Ocean and Atmosphere during Intervals of Oceanic Anoxia.Geology, 33(5):397-400.doi: 10.1130/G21295.1
      Lehrmann, D.J., 1999.Early Triassic Calcimicrobial Mounds and Biostromes of the Nanpanjiang Basin, South China.Geology, 27(4):359-362.doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)
      Li, Y.F., Liang, H.D., Yin, H.F., et al., 2005.Determination of Fullerenes (C60/C70) from the Permian-Triassic Boundary in the Meishan Section of South China.Acta Geologica Sinica, 79(1):11-15.doi: 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2005.tb00862.x
      Liang, H.D., 2002.End-Permian Catastrophic Event of Marine Acidification by Hydrated Sulfuric Acid:Mineralogical Evidence from Meishan Section of South China.Chinese Science Bulletin, 47(10):784-788 (in Chinese). http://www.cqvip.com/QK/86894X/200216/1004290117.html
      Liao, W., Wang, Y., Kershaw, S., et al., 2010.Shallow-Marine Dysoxia Across the Permian-Triassic Boundary:Evidence from Pyrite Framboids in the Microbialite in South China.Sedimentary Geology, 232(1-2):77-83.doi: 10.1016/j.sedgeo.2010.09.019
      Luo, G.M., Kump, L.R., Wang, Y.B., et al., 2010.Isotopic Evidence for an Anomalously Low Oceanic Sulfate Concentration Following End-Permian Mass Extinction.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 300(1-2):101-111.doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.041
      Luo, G.M., Lai, X.L., Shi, G.R., et al., 2008.Size Variation of Conodont Elements of the Hindeodus-Isarcicella Clade during the Permian-Triassic Transition in South China and Its Implication for Mass Extinction.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 264(1-2):176-187.doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.015
      Luo, G.M., Wang, Y.B., Yang, H., et al., 2011.Stepwise and Large-Magnitude Negative Shift in Δ13Ccarb Preceded the Main Marine Mass Extinction of the Permian-Triassic Crisis Interval.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 299(1-2):70-82.doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.10.035
      MacArthur, R.H., Wilson, E.O., 1967.The Theory of Island Biogeography.Princeton University Press, Princeton.
      Mundil, R., Ludwig, K.R., Metcalfe, L., et al., 2004.Age and Timing of the Permian Mass Extinctions:U/Pb Dating of Closed-System Zircons.Science, 305(5691):1760-1763.doi: 10.1126/science.1101012
      Mutter, R.J., Neuman, A.G., 2009.Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction Event:Evidence from "Lilliput Listracanthus".Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 284(1-2):22-28.doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.08.024
      Payne, J.L., 2005.Evolutionary Dynamics of Gastropod Size across the End-Permian Extinction and through the Triassic Recovery Interval.Paleobiology, 31(2):269-290.doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031[0269:EDOGSA]2.0.CO; 2
      Payne, J.L., Lehrmann, D.J., Follett, D., et al., 2007.Erosional Truncation of Uppermost Permian Shallow-Marine Carbonates and Implications for Permian-Triassic Boundary Events.Geological Society of America Bulletin, 119(7-8):771-784.doi: 10.1130/B26091.1
      Payne, J.L., Lehrmann, D.J., Wei, J., et al., 2004.Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle during Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction.Science, 305(5683):506-509.doi: 10.1126/science.1097023
      Payne, J.L., Turchyn, A.V., Paytan, A., et al., 2010.Calcium Isotope Constraints on the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(19):8543-8548.doi: 10.1073/pnas.0914065107
      Peng, Y.Q., Shi, G.R., Gao, Y.Q., et al., 2007.How and why did the Lingulidae (Brachiopoda) not only Survive the End-Permian Mass Extinction but also Thrive in Its Aftermath?Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 252(1-2):118-131.doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.039
      Phillips, J., 1860.Life on Earth—Its Origin and Succession.MacMillan, Cambridge.
      Pruss, S.B., Bottjer, D.J., Corsetti, F.A., et al., 2006.A Global Marine Sedimentary Response to the End-Permian Mass Extinction:Examples from Southern Turkey and the Western United States.Earth-Science Reviews, 78(3-4):193-206.doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.05.002
      Rampino, M.R., Adler, A.C., 1998.Evidence for Abrupt Latest Permian Mass Extinction of Foraminifera:Results of Tests for the Signor-Lipps Effect.Geology, 26(5):415-418.doi: 10.1130/0091-7613
      Rampino, M.R., Stothers, R.B., 1988.Flood Basalt Volcanism during the Past 250 Million Years.Science, 241(4866):663-668.doi: 10.1126/science.241.4866.663
      Raup, D.M., 1979.Size of the Permo-Triassic Bottleneck and Its Evolutionary Implications.Science, 206(4415):217-218.doi: 10.1126/science.206.4415.217
      Raup, D.M., Sepkoski, J.J., 1982.Mass Extinctions in the Marine Fossil Record.Science, 215(4539):1501-1503.doi: 10.1126/science.215.4539.1501
      Raup, D.M., Sepkoski, J.J., 1984.Periodicity of Extinctions in the Geologic Past.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 81(3):801-805.doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.3.801
      Reichow, M.K., Pringle, M.S., Al'Mukhamedov, A.I., et al., 2009.The Timing and Extent of the Eruption of the Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province:Implications for the End-Permian Environmental Crisis.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 277(1-2):9-20.doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.09.030
      Reichow, M.K., Saunders, A.D., White, R.V., et al., 2002.40Ar/39Ar Dates from the West Siberian Basin:Siberian Flood Basalt Province Doubled.Science, 296(5574):1946-1849.doi: 10.1126/science.1071671
      Renne, P.R., Basu, A.R., 1991.Rapid Eruption of the Siberian Traps Flood Basalts at the Permo-Triassic Boundary.Science, 253(5016):176-179.doi: 10.1126/science.253.5016.176
      Renne, P.R., Zhang, Z.C., Richards, M.A., et al., 1995.Synchrony and Causal Relations between Permian-Triassic Boundary Crises and Siberian Flood Volcanism.Science, 269(5229):1413-1416.doi: 10.1126/science.269.5229.1413
      Retallack, G.J., Jahren, A.H., 2008.Methane Release from Igneous Intrusion of Coal during Late Permian Extinction Events.The Journal of Geology, 116(1):1-20.doi: 10.1086/524120
      Retallack, G.J., Seyedolali, A., Krull, E.S., et al., 1998.Search for Evidence of Impact at the Permian-Triassic Boundary in Antarctica and Australia.Geology, 26(11):979-982.doi: 10.1130/0091-7613
      Rodland, D.L., Bottjer, D.J., 2001.Biotic Recovery from the End-Permian Mass Extinction:Behavior of the Inarticulate Brachiopod Lingula as a Disaster Taxon.Palaios, 16(1):95-101.doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0095:BRFTEP>2.0.CO; 2
      Romano, C., Goudemand, N., Vennemann, T.W., et al., 2013.Climatic and Biotic Upheavals Following the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Nature Geoscience, 6(1):57-60.doi: 10.1038/ngeo1667
      Rong, J.Y., Huang, B., 2014.Study of Mass Extinction over the Past Thirty Years:A Synopsis.Science in China (Series D).44(3):377-404 (in Chinese). https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140716141302.htm
      Ryskin, G., 2003.Methane-Driven Oceanic Eruptions and Mass Extinctions:Comment and Reply.Geology, 32(1):e42-e43.doi: 10.1130/0091-7613-32.1.e42
      Schobben, M., Joachimski, M.M., Korn, D., et al., 2014.Palaeotethys Seawater Temperature Rise and an Intensified Hydrological Cycle Following the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Gondwana Research, 26(2):675-683.doi: 10.1016/j.gr.2013.07.019
      Schubert, J.K., Bottjer, D.J., 1992.Early Triassic Stromatolites as Post-Mass Extinction Disaster Forms.Geology, 20(10):883-886.doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1992)?020<0883:ETSAPM>2.3.CO; 2
      Schubert, J.K., Bottjer, D.J., 1995.Aftermath of the Permian-Triassic Mass Extinction Event:Paleoecology of Lower Triassic Carbonates in the Western USA.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 116(1-2):1-39.doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(94)00093-N
      Sepkoski, J.J., 1978.A Kinetic Model of Phanerozoic Taxonomic Diversity.Ⅰ.Analysis of Marine Orders.Paleobiology, 4:223-251.doi: 10.1017/S0094837300005972
      Sepkoski, J.J., 1979.A Kinetic Model of Phanerozoic Taxonomic Diversity:Ⅱ.Early Phanerozoic Families and Multiple Equilibria.Paleobiology, 5:222-251.doi: 10.1017/S0094837300006539
      Sepkoski, J.J., 1981.A Factor Anaytic Description of the Phanerozoic Marine Fossil Record.Paleobiology, 7(1):36-53.doi: 10.1017/S0094837300007006
      Sepkoski, J.J., 1984.A Kinetic Model of Phanerozoic Taxonomic Diversity, Ⅲ.Post-Paleozoic Families and Mass Extinctions.Paleobiology, 10(2):246-267.doi: 10.1017/S0094837300008186
      Shen, J., Algeo, T.J., Zhou, L., et al., 2012.Volcanic Perturbations of the Marine Environment in South China Preceding the Latest Permian Mass Extinction and Their Biotic Effects.Geobiology, 10(1):82-103.doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2011.00306.x
      Shen, S.Z., Cao, C.Q., Henderson, C.M., et al., 2006.End-Permian Mass Extinction Pattern in the Northern Peri-Gondwanan Region.Palaeoworld, 15(1):3-30.doi: 10.1016/j.palwor.2006.03.005
      Shen, S.Z., Archbold, N.W., Shi, G.R., 2001.A Lopingian (Late Permian) Brachiopod Fauna from the Qubuerga Formatin at Shengmi in the Mount Qomolangma Region of Southern Xizang (Tibet), China.Journal of Paleontology, 75(2):274-283.doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<0274:ALLPBF>2.0.CO; 2
      Shen, S.Z., Crowley, J.L., Wang, Y., et al., 2011.Calibrating the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Science, 334(6061):1367-1372.doi: 10.1126/science.1213454
      Shen, W., Lin, Y., Xu, L., et al., 2007.Pyrite Framboids in the Permian-Triassic Boundary Section at Meishan, China:Evidence for Dysoxic Deposition.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 253(3-4):323-331.doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.06.005
      Song, H.J., Tong, J.N., 2010.Size Variation of Foraminifers during the Permian-Triassic Transition at Meishan Section, South China.Journal of Earth Science, 21(S1):154-157.doi: 10.1007/s12583-010-0197-7
      Song, H.J., Tong, J.N., Chen, Z.Q., 2009a.Two Episodes of Foraminiferal Extinction near the Permian-Triassic Boundary at the Meishan Section, South China.Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 56:765-773.doi: 10.1080/08120090903002599
      Song, H.J., Tong, J.N., Chen, Z.Q., et al., 2009b.End-Permian Mass Extinction of Foraminifers in the Nanpanjiang Basin, South China.Journal of Paleontology, 83(5):718-738.doi: 10.1666/08-175.1
      Song, H.J., Tong, J.N., Chen, Z.Q., 2011.Evolutionary Dynamics of the Permian-Triassic Foraminifer Size:Evidence for Lilliput Effect in the End-Permian Mass Extinction and Its Aftermath.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 308(1-2):98-110.doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.10.036
      Song, H.J., Tong, J.N., Wignall, P.B., et al., 2016.Early Triassic Disaster and Opportunistic Foraminifers in South China.Geological Magazine, 153(2):298-315.doi: 10.1017/S0016756815000497
      Song, H.J., Wignall, P.B., Tong, J.N., et al., 2012.Geochemical Evidence from Bio-Apatite for Multiple Oceanic Anoxic Events during Permian-Triassic Transition and the Link with End-Permian Extinction and Recovery.Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 353-354:12-21.doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.07.005
      Song, H.Y., Tong, J.N., Algeo, T.J., et al., 2013a.Large Vertical δ13CDIC Gradients in Early Triassic Seas of the South China Craton:Implications for Oceanographic Changes Related to Siberian Traps Volcanism.Global and Planetary Change, 105:7-20.doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2012.10.023
      Song, H.J., Wignall, P.B., Tong, J.N., et al., 2013b.Two Pulses of Extinction during the Permian-Triassic Crisis.Nature Geoscience, 6(1):52-56.doi: 10.1038/ngeo1649
      Song, H.Y., Tong, J.N., Algeo, T.J., et al., 2014a.Early Triassic Seawater Sulfate Drawdown.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 128:95-113.doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2013.12.009
      Song, H.J., Wignall, P.B., Chu, D., et al., 2014b.Anoxia/High Temperature Double Whammy during the Permian-Triassic Marine Crisis and Its Aftermath.Scientific Reports, 4(4132).doi: 10.1038/srep04132
      Song, H.J., Tong, J.N., Xiong, Y.L., et al., 2012.The Large Increase of δ13Ccarb-Depth Gradient and the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Science in China (Series D), 42(8):1182-1191 (in Chinese). http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=jdxg201207005&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ
      Stanley, S.M., Yang, X., 1994.A Double Mass Extinction at the End of the Paleozoic Era.Science, 266(5189):1340-1344.doi: 10.1126/science.266.5189.1340
      Stramma, L., Johnson, G.C., Sprintall, J., et al., 2008.Expanding Oxygen-Minimum Zones in the Tropical Oceans.Science, 320(5876):655-658.doi: 10.1126/science.1153847
      Sun, Y., Joachimski, M.M., Wignall, P.B., et al., 2012.Lethally Hot Temperatures during the Early Triassic Greenhouse.Science, 338(6105):366-370.doi: 10.1126/science.1224126
      Tian, L., Tong, J.N., Algeo, T.J., et al., 2014.Reconstruction of Early Triassic Ocean Redox Conditions Based on Framboidal Pyrite from the Nanpanjiang Basin, South China.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 412:68-79.doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.07.018
      Tong, J.N., Zhang, S., Zuo, J., et al., 2007a.Events during Early Triassic Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction.Global and Planetary Change, 55(1-3):66-80.doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.06.015
      Tong, J.N., Zuo, J.X., Chen, Z.Q., 2007b.Early Triassic Carbon Isotope Excursions from South China:Proxies for Devastation and Restoration of Marine Ecosystems Following the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Geological Journal, 42:371-389.doi: 10.1002/gj.1084
      Tong, J.N., Yin, H.F., 2015.Triassic Chronostratigraphy and Chinese Stages.Earth Science, 40(2):189-197 (in Chinese with English abstract).
      Twitchett, R.J., 2007.The Lilliput Effect in the Aftermath of the End-Permian Extinction Event.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 252(1-2):132-144.doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.038
      Venkatesan, T.R., Kumar, A., Gopalan, K., et al., 1997.40Ar-39Ar Age of Siberian Basaltic Volcanism.Chemical Geology, 138(3-4):303-310.doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00006-5
      Wang, Y., Sadler, P.M., Shen, S.Z., et al., 2014.Quantifying the Process and Abruptness of the End-Permian Mass Extinction.Paleobiology, 40(1):113-129.doi: 10.1666/13022
      Wang, Y.B., Tong, J.N., Wang, J.S., et al., 2005.Calcimicrobialite after End-Permian Mass Extinction in South China and Its Palaeoenvironmental Significance.Chinese Science Bulletin, 50(6):552-558 (in Chinese). http://www.cqvip.com/qk/86894X/200507/15596221.html
      Wignall, P.B., 2001.Large Igneous Provinces and Mass Extinctions.Earth-Science Reviews, 53(1-2):1-33.doi: 10.1016/S0012-8252(00)00037-4
      Wignall, P.B., 2005.The Link between Large Igneous Province Eruptions and Mass Extinctions.Elements, 1(5):293-297.doi: 10.2113/gselements.1.5.293
      Wignall, P.B., Bond, D.P.G., Kuwahara, K., et al., 2010.An 80 Million Year Oceanic Redox History from Permian to Jurassic Pelagic Sediments of the Mino-Tamba Terrane, SW Japan, and the Origin of Four Mass Extinctions.Global and Planetary Change, 71(1-2):109-123.doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2010.01.022
      Wignall, P.B., Hallam, A., 1992.Anoxia as a Cause of the Permian/Triassic Mass Extinction:Facies Evidence from Northern Italy and the Western United States.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 93(1-2):21-46.doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(92)90182-5
      Wignall, P.B., Kershaw, S., Collin, P.Y., et al., 2009.Erosional Truncation of Uppermost Permian Shallow-Marine Carbonates and Implications for Permian-Triassic Boundary Events:Comment.Geological Society of America Bulletin, 121(5-6):954-956.doi: 10.1130/B26424.1
      Wignall, P.B., Twitchett, R.J., 1996.Oceanic Anoxia and the End Permian Mass Extinction.Science, 272(5265):1155-1158.doi: 10.1126/science.272.5265.1155
      Wignall, P.B., Twitchett, R.J., 2002.Extent, Duration, and Nature of the Permian-Triassic Superanoxic Event.Geological Society of America Special Publication, 356:395-413. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279396802_Extent_duration_and_nature_of_the_Permian-Triassic_superanoxic_event
      Wu, Y.S., Jiang, H.X., Fan, J.S., 2010.Evidence for Sea-Level Falls in the Permian-Triassic Transition in the Ziyun Area, South China.Geological Journal, 45(2-3):170-185.doi: 10.1002/gj.1168
      Xie, S., Pancost, R.D., Wang, Y., et al., 2010.Cyanobacterial Blooms Tied to Volcanism during the 5 M.y.Permo-Triassic Biotic Crisis.Geology, 38(5):447-450.doi: 10.1130/G30769.1
      Xu, G.R., Tong, J.N., 1991.Age Correlation and Mass Extinction Event.In:Yang, Z.Y., Wu, S.B., Yin, H.F., et al., eds., Permo-Triassic Events of South China.Geological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese).
      Yang, H., Chen, Z.Q., Wang, Y.B., et al., 2011.Composition and Structure of Microbialite Ecosystems Following the End-Permian Mass Extinction in South China.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 308(1-2):111-128.doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.029
      Yang, L.R., Song, H.J., Tong, J.N., et al., 2013.The Extinction Pattern of Fusulinids during the Permian-Triassic Crisis at the Kangjiaping Section, Cili, Hunan Province.Acta Micropalaeontologica Sinica, 30(4):353-366 (in Chinese with English abstract). http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-WSGT201304003.htm
      Yang, Z.Y., Wu, S.B., Yin, H.F., et al., 1991.Permo-Triassic Events of South China.Geological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese).
      Yin, H.F., Huang, S.J., Zhang, K.X., et al., 1992.The Effects of Volcanism on the Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction in South China.In:Sweet, W.C., Yang, Z.Y., Dickins, J.M., et al., eds., Permo-Triassic Events in the Eastern Tethys, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 146-157.
      Yin, H.F., Feng, Q.L., Lai, X.L., et al., 2007.The Protracted Permo-Triassic Crisis and Multi-Episode Extinction around the Permian-Triassic Boundary.Global and Planetary Change, 55(1-3):1-20.doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2006.06.005
      Yin, H.F., Jiang, H.S., Xia, W.C., et al., 2014.The End-Permian Regression in South China and Its Implication on Mass Extinction.Earth-Science Reviews, 137:19-33.doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.06.003
      Yin, H.F., Zhang, K.X., Tong, J.N., et al., 2001.The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary.Episodes, 24(2):102-114. http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-DCXZ200702000.htm
      Yin, H.F., Huang, S.J., Zhang, K.X., et al., 1989.Volcanism at the Permian-Triassic Boundary in South China and Its Effects on Mass Extinction.Acta Geologica Sinica, 63(2):169-180 (in Chinese with English abstract). doi: 10.1111/j.1755-6724.1989.mp2004007.x/abstract
      Yin, H.F., Song, H.J., 2013.Mass Extinction and Pangea Integration during the Paleozoic-Mesozoic Transition.Science in China (Series D), 43(6):1539-1552 (in Chinese). http://earth.scichina.com:8080/sciDe/EN/abstract/abstract511745.shtml
      Yin, H.F., Xu, G.R., Ding, M.H., 1984.Paleozoic-Mesozoic Fauna Change of South China.In:Editorial Office of Geology Department, ed., Scientific Papers of Geological International Exchange, Geological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese).
      Zhang, K.X., Tong, J.N., Shi, G.R., et al., 2007.Early Triassic Conodont-Palynological Biostratigraphy of the Meishan D Section in Changxing, Zhejiang Province, South China.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 252(1-2):4-23.doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.031
      Zhao, X.M., Tong, J.N., Yao, H.Z., et al., 2015.Early Triassic Trace Fossils from the Three Gorges Area of South China:Implications for the Recovery of Benthic Ecosystems Following the Permian-Triassic Extinction.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 429:100-116.doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.04.008
      方宗杰, 2003.关于晚二叠世克氏蛤类研究中的几个问题.古生物学报, 42(4): 613-619. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GSWX200304013.htm
      梁汉东, 2002.二叠纪末期海洋硫酸化环境灾变事件:煤山剖面岩石矿物证据.科学通报, 47(10): 784-788. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0023-074X.2002.10.013
      戎嘉余, 黄冰, 2014.生物大灭绝研究三十年.中国科学(D辑), 44(3): 377-404. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JDXK201403001.htm
      宋海军, 童金南, 熊炎林, 等, 2012.δ13Ccarb-深度梯度的剧增与二叠纪末生物大灭绝.中国科学(D辑), 42(8): 1182-1191. http://kns.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?filename=jdxk201208005&dbname=CJFD&dbcode=CJFQ
      童金南, 殷鸿福, 2015.三叠纪年代地层与中国建阶.地球科学, 40(2): 189-197. http://earth-science.net/WebPage/Article.aspx?id=3052
      王永标, 童金南, 王家生, 等, 2005.华南二叠纪末大绝灭后的钙质微生物岩及古环境意义.科学通报, 50(6): 552-558. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-KXTB200506008.htm
      徐桂荣, 童金南, 1991. 时间对比与集群灭绝事件. 见杨遵仪, 吴顺宝, 殷鸿福, 等, 编, 华南二叠-三叠纪过渡期地质事件, 北京: 地质出版社.
      杨利蓉, 宋海军, 童金南, 等, 2013.湖南慈利康家坪剖面二叠纪末簸类有孔虫的灭绝过程.微体古生物学报, 30(4): 353-366. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WSGT201304003.htm
      杨遵仪, 吴顺宝, 殷鸿福, 等, 1991.华南二叠-三叠纪过渡时期地质事件.北京:地质出版社.
      殷鸿福, 黄思骥, 张克信, 等, 1989.华南二叠纪-三叠纪之交的火山活动及其对生物绝灭的影响.地质学报, 63(2): 169-180. http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10491-1015661028.htm
      殷鸿福, 宋海军, 2013.古、中生代之交生物大灭绝与泛大陆聚合.中国科学(D辑), 43(6): 1539-1552. http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JDXK201310002.htm
      殷鸿福, 徐桂荣, 丁梅华, 1984. 华南古、中生代之交海洋生物界的更替. 见: 地质部书刊编辑室编, 国际交流地质学术论文集. 北京: 地质出版社.
      • Relative Articles
      • Supplements(0)
      • Cited By
    • 加载中

    Catalog

      通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
      • 1. 

        沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

      1. 本站搜索
      2. 百度学术搜索
      3. 万方数据库搜索
      4. CNKI搜索

      Figures(6)  / Tables(2)

      Get Citation
      PDF
      XML
      Article views (8998) PDF downloads(185) Cited by()
      Proportional views

      Address：湖北省武汉市洪山区鲁磨路388号《地球科学》编辑部 China Pos：430074

      Tel：027-67885075 Fax：027-67885075

      Copyright ©2020 鄂ICP备15021562号-2

      Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co. Ltd  support: info@rhhz.net

      /

      DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
      Return
      Return