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    Volume 49 Issue 8
    Aug.  2024
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    Article Navigation >  Earth Science  > 2024  >  49(8): 2862-2878
    Kang Fengxin, Sui Haibo, Zheng Tingting, Xu Qiuxiao, 2024. Formation Mechanism of Cold Springs and Hot Springs in Karst Groundwater Systems in North China: A study of Baotu Spring. Earth Science, 49(8): 2862-2878. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2023.051
    Citation: Kang Fengxin, Sui Haibo, Zheng Tingting, Xu Qiuxiao, 2024. Formation Mechanism of Cold Springs and Hot Springs in Karst Groundwater Systems in North China: A study of Baotu Spring. Earth Science, 49(8): 2862-2878. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2023.051
    shu

    Formation Mechanism of Cold Springs and Hot Springs in Karst Groundwater Systems in North China: A study of Baotu Spring

    doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2023.051
    • 1.

      College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China

    • 2.

      801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (SPBGM), Jinan 250014, China

    • 3.

      Shandong Provincial Research Center on Environmental Protection and Remediation of Groundwater, Jinan 250014, China

    • 4.

      School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China

    • 5.

      Shandong Lunan Geological Engineering Survey Institute, Jining 272100, China

    • Received Date: 2023-03-06
      Available Online: 2024-08-27
    • Publish Date: 2024-08-25
      Abstract
    • To discriminate the correlation between normal temperature groundwater and geothermal water, by analyzing the characteristics and patterns of spatial distribution of aquifer/thermal reservoir, isotopic dating, hydrogeochemical field, hydrodynamic field and temperature field, the evolution process and driving mechanism of karst groundwater flow system in Baotu spring catchment from shallow to middle and to deep circulation subsystems, i.e., from cold springs to hot springs, are revealed. Driven by the gravitational potential energy difference, the groundwater flows from the open groundwater flow system in the upper reaches to the semi-open groundwater flow system in the middle reaches along the Jinan karst aquifer system.A small part of groundwater passes through from the deep or bypasses the Jinan gabbro mass, and migrates to the downstream along the fissure karst channel, forming a weakly open geothermal water flow system. Such five sources of heat accumulation drive normal temperature groundwater of 14-18℃ to be heated into geothermal water of 33-95 ℃ as the high terrestrial heat flux accumulation, the belt shaped convective thermal accumulation in the deep fault zone or intrusive rock-limestone contact zone, the high thermal conductivity diffluence accumulation in the uplift area, theheat preservation accumulation by low thermal conductivity cap rock, and the conductive-convective thermal accumulation by deep groundwater circulation.

       

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